edx-platform/lms/djangoapps/courseware/views/views.py

"""
Courseware views functions
"""


import json
import logging
import urllib
from collections import OrderedDict, namedtuple
from datetime import datetime
from urllib.parse import quote_plus, urlencode, urljoin, urlparse, urlunparse

import nh3
import requests
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.contrib.auth.models import AnonymousUser, User  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=imported-auth-user
from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
from django.db import transaction
from django.db.models import Q, prefetch_related_objects
from django.shortcuts import redirect
from django.http import JsonResponse, Http404, HttpResponse, HttpResponseBadRequest, HttpResponseForbidden
from django.template.context_processors import csrf
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
from django.utils.text import slugify
from django.utils.translation import gettext
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_control
from django.views.decorators.clickjacking import xframe_options_exempt
from django.views.decorators.csrf import ensure_csrf_cookie
from django.views.decorators.http import require_GET, require_http_methods, require_POST
from django.views.generic import View
from edx_django_utils.monitoring import set_custom_attribute, set_custom_attributes_for_course_key
from ipware.ip import get_client_ip
from xblock.core import XBlock

from lms.djangoapps.static_template_view.views import render_500
from markupsafe import escape
from opaque_keys import InvalidKeyError
from opaque_keys.edx.keys import CourseKey, UsageKey
from openedx_filters.learning.filters import CourseAboutRenderStarted, RenderXBlockStarted
from requests.exceptions import ConnectionError, Timeout  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
from pytz import UTC
from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, throttle_classes
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle
from web_fragments.fragment import Fragment
from xmodule.course_block import (
    COURSE_VISIBILITY_PUBLIC,
    COURSE_VISIBILITY_PUBLIC_OUTLINE,
    CATALOG_VISIBILITY_CATALOG_AND_ABOUT,
)
from xmodule.modulestore import ModuleStoreEnum  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=wrong-import-order
from xmodule.modulestore.django import modulestore
from xmodule.modulestore.exceptions import ItemNotFoundError, NoPathToItem
from xmodule.tabs import CourseTabList
from xmodule.x_module import STUDENT_VIEW

from common.djangoapps.course_modes.models import CourseMode, get_course_prices
from common.djangoapps.edxmako.shortcuts import marketing_link, render_to_response, render_to_string
from common.djangoapps.student import auth
from common.djangoapps.student.roles import CourseStaffRole
from common.djangoapps.student.models import CourseEnrollment, UserTestGroup
from common.djangoapps.util.cache import cache, cache_if_anonymous
from common.djangoapps.util.course import course_location_from_key
from common.djangoapps.util.db import outer_atomic
from common.djangoapps.util.milestones_helpers import get_prerequisite_courses_display
from common.djangoapps.util.views import ensure_valid_course_key, ensure_valid_usage_key
from lms.djangoapps.ccx.custom_exception import CCXLocatorValidationException
from lms.djangoapps.certificates import api as certs_api
from lms.djangoapps.certificates.data import CertificateStatuses
from lms.djangoapps.certificates.generation_handler import CertificateGenerationNotAllowed
from lms.djangoapps.commerce.utils import EcommerceService
from lms.djangoapps.course_goals.models import UserActivity
from lms.djangoapps.course_home_api.toggles import course_home_mfe_progress_tab_is_active
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.access import has_access, has_ccx_coach_role
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.access_utils import check_public_access
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.courses import (
    can_self_enroll_in_course,
    course_open_for_self_enrollment,
    get_course,
    get_course_overview_with_access,
    get_course_with_access,
    get_courses,
    get_permission_for_course_about,
    get_studio_url,
    sort_by_announcement,
    sort_by_start_date
)
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.date_summary import verified_upgrade_deadline_link
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.exceptions import CourseAccessRedirect, Redirect
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.masquerade import is_masquerading_as_specific_student, setup_masquerade
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.model_data import FieldDataCache
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.models import BaseStudentModuleHistory, StudentModule
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.permissions import MASQUERADE_AS_STUDENT, VIEW_COURSE_HOME, VIEW_COURSEWARE
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.toggles import (
    course_is_invitation_only,
    courseware_mfe_search_is_enabled,
    COURSEWARE_MICROFRONTEND_ENABLE_NAVIGATION_SIDEBAR,
    COURSEWARE_MICROFRONTEND_ALWAYS_OPEN_AUXILIARY_SIDEBAR,
)
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.user_state_client import DjangoXBlockUserStateClient
from lms.djangoapps.courseware.utils import (
    _use_new_financial_assistance_flow,
    create_financial_assistance_application,
    is_eligible_for_financial_aid
)
from lms.djangoapps.edxnotes.helpers import is_feature_enabled
from lms.djangoapps.experiments.utils import get_experiment_user_metadata_context
from lms.djangoapps.grades.api import CourseGradeFactory
from lms.djangoapps.instructor.enrollment import uses_shib
from lms.djangoapps.instructor.views.api import require_global_staff
from lms.djangoapps.survey import views as survey_views
from lms.djangoapps.verify_student.services import IDVerificationService
from openedx.core.djangoapps.catalog.utils import (
    get_course_data,
    get_course_uuid_for_course,
    get_programs,
    get_programs_with_type
)
from openedx.core.djangoapps.content.course_overviews.models import CourseOverview
from openedx.core.djangoapps.credit.api import (
    get_credit_requirement_status,
    is_credit_course,
    is_user_eligible_for_credit
)
from openedx.core.djangoapps.enrollments.api import add_enrollment
from openedx.core.djangoapps.enrollments.permissions import ENROLL_IN_COURSE
from openedx.core.djangoapps.models.course_details import CourseDetails
from openedx.core.djangoapps.plugin_api.views import EdxFragmentView
from openedx.core.djangoapps.programs.utils import ProgramMarketingDataExtender
from openedx.core.djangoapps.site_configuration import helpers as configuration_helpers
from openedx.core.djangoapps.util.user_messages import PageLevelMessages
from openedx.core.djangoapps.video_config.toggles import PUBLIC_VIDEO_SHARE
from openedx.core.djangoapps.zendesk_proxy.utils import create_zendesk_ticket
from openedx.core.djangolib.markup import HTML, Text
from openedx.core.lib.courses import get_course_by_id
from openedx.core.lib.jwt import unpack_jwt
from openedx.core.lib.mobile_utils import is_request_from_mobile_app
from openedx.features.course_duration_limits.access import generate_course_expired_fragment
from openedx.features.course_experience import course_home_url
from openedx.features.course_experience.url_helpers import (
    get_courseware_url,
    get_learning_mfe_home_url,
    is_request_from_learning_mfe
)
from openedx.features.course_experience.utils import dates_banner_should_display
from openedx.features.course_experience.waffle import ENABLE_COURSE_ABOUT_SIDEBAR_HTML
from openedx.features.enterprise_support.api import data_sharing_consent_required

from ..block_render import get_block, get_block_by_usage_id, get_block_for_descriptor
from ..tabs import _get_dynamic_tabs
from ..toggles import (
    COURSEWARE_OPTIMIZED_RENDER_XBLOCK,
    ENABLE_COURSE_DISCOVERY_DEFAULT_LANGUAGE_FILTER,
)

log = logging.getLogger("edx.courseware")


# Only display the requirements on learner dashboard for
# credit and verified modes.
REQUIREMENTS_DISPLAY_MODES = CourseMode.CREDIT_MODES + [CourseMode.VERIFIED]

CertData = namedtuple(
    "CertData", ["cert_status", "title", "msg", "download_url", "cert_web_view_url", "certificate_available_date"]
)
EARNED_BUT_NOT_AVAILABLE_CERT_STATUS = 'earned_but_not_available'

AUDIT_PASSING_CERT_DATA = CertData(
    CertificateStatuses.audit_passing,
    _('Your enrollment: Audit track'),
    _('You are enrolled in the audit track for this course. The audit track does not include a certificate.'),
    download_url=None,
    cert_web_view_url=None,
    certificate_available_date=None
)

HONOR_PASSING_CERT_DATA = CertData(
    CertificateStatuses.honor_passing,
    _('Your enrollment: Honor track'),
    _('You are enrolled in the honor track for this course. The honor track does not include a certificate.'),
    download_url=None,
    cert_web_view_url=None,
    certificate_available_date=None
)

INELIGIBLE_PASSING_CERT_DATA = {
    CourseMode.AUDIT: AUDIT_PASSING_CERT_DATA,
    CourseMode.HONOR: HONOR_PASSING_CERT_DATA
}

GENERATING_CERT_DATA = CertData(
    CertificateStatuses.generating,
    _("We're working on it..."),
    _(
        "We're creating your certificate. You can keep working in your courses and a link "
        "to it will appear here and on your Dashboard when it is ready."
    ),
    download_url=None,
    cert_web_view_url=None,
    certificate_available_date=None
)

INVALID_CERT_DATA = CertData(
    CertificateStatuses.invalidated,
    _('Your certificate has been invalidated'),
    _('Please contact your course team if you have any questions.'),
    download_url=None,
    cert_web_view_url=None,
    certificate_available_date=None
)

REQUESTING_CERT_DATA = CertData(
    CertificateStatuses.requesting,
    _('Congratulations, you qualified for a certificate!'),
    _("You've earned a certificate for this course."),
    download_url=None,
    cert_web_view_url=None,
    certificate_available_date=None
)


def _earned_but_not_available_cert_data(cert_downloadable_status):
    return CertData(
        EARNED_BUT_NOT_AVAILABLE_CERT_STATUS,
        _('Your certificate will be available soon!'),
        _('After this course officially ends, you will receive an email notification with your certificate.'),
        download_url=None,
        cert_web_view_url=None,
        certificate_available_date=cert_downloadable_status.get('certificate_available_date')
    )


def _downloadable_cert_data(download_url=None, cert_web_view_url=None):
    return CertData(
        CertificateStatuses.downloadable,
        _('Your certificate is available'),
        _("You've earned a certificate for this course."),
        download_url=download_url,
        cert_web_view_url=cert_web_view_url,
        certificate_available_date=None
    )


def _unverified_cert_data():
    """
        platform_name is dynamically updated in multi-tenant installations
    """
    return CertData(
        CertificateStatuses.unverified,
        _('Certificate unavailable'),
        _(
            'You have not received a certificate because you do not have a current {platform_name} '
            'verified identity.'
        ).format(platform_name=configuration_helpers.get_value('PLATFORM_NAME', settings.PLATFORM_NAME)),
        download_url=None,
        cert_web_view_url=None,
        certificate_available_date=None
    )


def user_groups(user):
    """
    TODO (vshnayder): This is not used. When we have a new plan for groups, adjust appropriately.
    """
    if not user.is_authenticated:
        return []

    # TODO: Rewrite in Django
    key = f'user_group_names_{user.id}'
    cache_expiration = 60 * 60  # one hour

    # Kill caching on dev machines -- we switch groups a lot
    group_names = cache.get(key)
    if settings.DEBUG:
        group_names = None

    if group_names is None:
        group_names = [u.name for u in UserTestGroup.objects.filter(users=user)]
        cache.set(key, group_names, cache_expiration)

    return group_names


@ensure_csrf_cookie
@cache_if_anonymous()
def courses(request):
    """
    Render "find courses" page.  The course selection work is done in courseware.courses.
    """
    courses_list = []
    course_discovery_meanings = getattr(settings, 'COURSE_DISCOVERY_MEANINGS', {})
    set_default_filter = ENABLE_COURSE_DISCOVERY_DEFAULT_LANGUAGE_FILTER.is_enabled()
    if not settings.FEATURES.get('ENABLE_COURSE_DISCOVERY'):
        courses_list = get_courses(
            request.user,
            filter_={"catalog_visibility": CATALOG_VISIBILITY_CATALOG_AND_ABOUT},
        )

        if configuration_helpers.get_value("ENABLE_COURSE_SORTING_BY_START_DATE",
                                           settings.FEATURES["ENABLE_COURSE_SORTING_BY_START_DATE"]):
            courses_list = sort_by_start_date(courses_list)
        else:
            courses_list = sort_by_announcement(courses_list)

    # Add marketable programs to the context.
    programs_list = get_programs_with_type(request.site, include_hidden=False)

    return render_to_response(
        "courseware/courses.html",
        {
            'courses': courses_list,
            'course_discovery_meanings': course_discovery_meanings,
            'set_default_filter': set_default_filter,
            'programs_list': programs_list,
        }
    )


class PerUserVideoMetadataThrottle(UserRateThrottle):
    """
    setting rate limit for  yt_video_metadata API
    """
    rate = settings.RATE_LIMIT_FOR_VIDEO_METADATA_API


@ensure_csrf_cookie
@login_required
@api_view(['GET'])
@throttle_classes([PerUserVideoMetadataThrottle])
def yt_video_metadata(request):
    """
    Will hit the youtube API if the key is available in settings
    :return: youtube video metadata
    """
    video_id = request.GET.get('id', None)
    metadata, status_code = load_metadata_from_youtube(video_id, request)
    return Response(metadata, status=status_code, content_type='application/json')


def load_metadata_from_youtube(video_id, request):
    """
    Get metadata about a YouTube video.

    This method is used via the standalone /courses/yt_video_metadata REST API
    endpoint, or via the video XBlock as a its 'yt_video_metadata' handler.
    """
    metadata = {}
    status_code = 500
    if video_id and settings.YOUTUBE_API_KEY and settings.YOUTUBE_API_KEY != 'PUT_YOUR_API_KEY_HERE':
        yt_api_key = settings.YOUTUBE_API_KEY
        yt_metadata_url = settings.YOUTUBE['METADATA_URL']
        yt_timeout = settings.YOUTUBE.get('TEST_TIMEOUT', 1500) / 1000  # converting milli seconds to seconds

        headers = {}
        http_referer = None

        try:
            # This raises an attribute error if called from the xblock yt_video_metadata handler, which passes
            # a webob request instead of a django request.
            http_referer = request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER')
        except AttributeError:
            # So here, let's assume it's a webob request and access the referer the webob way.
            http_referer = request.referer

        if http_referer:
            headers['Referer'] = http_referer

        payload = {'id': video_id, 'part': 'contentDetails', 'key': yt_api_key}
        try:
            res = requests.get(yt_metadata_url, params=payload, timeout=yt_timeout, headers=headers)
            status_code = res.status_code
            if res.status_code == 200:
                try:
                    res_json = res.json()
                    if res_json.get('items', []):
                        metadata = res_json
                    else:
                        logging.warning('Unable to find the items in response. Following response '
                                        'was received: {res}'.format(res=res.text))
                except ValueError:
                    logging.warning('Unable to decode response to json. Following response '
                                    'was received: {res}'.format(res=res.text))
            else:
                logging.warning('YouTube API request failed with status code={status} - '
                                'Error message is={message}'.format(status=status_code, message=res.text))
        except (Timeout, ConnectionError):
            logging.warning('YouTube API request failed because of connection time out or connection error')
    else:
        logging.warning('YouTube API key or video id is None. Please make sure API key and video id is not None')

    return metadata, status_code


@ensure_csrf_cookie
@ensure_valid_course_key
def jump_to_id(request, course_id, module_id):
    """
    This entry point allows for a shorter version of a jump to where just the id of the element is
    passed in. This assumes that id is unique within the course_id namespace
    """
    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)
    items = modulestore().get_items(course_key, qualifiers={'name': module_id})

    if len(items) == 0:
        raise Http404(
            "Could not find id: {} in course_id: {}. Referer: {}".format(
                module_id, course_id, request.META.get("HTTP_REFERER", "")
            ))
    if len(items) > 1:
        log.warning(
            "Multiple items found with id: %s in course_id: %s. Referer: %s. Using first: %s",
            module_id,
            course_id,
            request.META.get("HTTP_REFERER", ""),
            str(items[0].location)
        )

    return jump_to(request, course_id, str(items[0].location))


@ensure_csrf_cookie
def jump_to(request, course_id, location):
    """
    Show the page that contains a specific location.

    If the location is invalid or not in any class, return a 404.
    Otherwise, delegates to the courseware views to figure out whether this user
    has access, and what they should see.

    By default, this view redirects to the active courseware experience.
    Alternatively, the `experience` query parameter may be provided as either
    "new" or "legacy" to force either a Micro-Frontend or Legacy-LMS redirect
    link to be generated, respectively.
    """
    try:
        course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)
        usage_key = UsageKey.from_string(location).replace(course_key=course_key)
    except InvalidKeyError as exc:
        raise Http404("Invalid course_key or usage_key") from exc

    staff_access = has_access(request.user, 'staff', course_key)
    try:
        redirect_url = get_courseware_url(
            usage_key=usage_key,
            request=request,
            is_staff=staff_access,
        )
    except (ItemNotFoundError, NoPathToItem):
        # We used to 404 here, but that's ultimately a bad experience. There are real world use cases where a user
        # hits a no-longer-valid URL (for example, "resume" buttons that link to no-longer-existing block IDs if the
        # course changed out from under the user). So instead, let's just redirect to the beginning of the course,
        # as it is at least a valid page the user can interact with...
        redirect_url = get_courseware_url(
            usage_key=course_location_from_key(course_key),
            request=request,
            is_staff=staff_access,
        )

    return redirect(redirect_url)


class StaticCourseTabView(EdxFragmentView):
    """
    View that displays a static course tab with a given name.
    """
    @method_decorator(ensure_csrf_cookie)
    @method_decorator(ensure_valid_course_key)
    def get(self, request, course_id, tab_slug, **kwargs):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=arguments-differ
        """
        Displays a static course tab page with a given name
        """
        course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)
        if course_key.deprecated:
            raise Http404

        course = get_course_with_access(request.user, 'load', course_key)
        tab = CourseTabList.get_tab_by_slug(course.tabs, tab_slug)
        if tab is None:
            raise Http404

        # Show warnings if the user has limited access
        CourseTabView.register_user_access_warning_messages(request, course)

        return super().get(request, course=course, tab=tab, **kwargs)

    def render_to_fragment(self, request, course=None, tab=None, **kwargs):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=arguments-differ
        """
        Renders the static tab to a fragment.
        """
        return get_static_tab_fragment(request, course, tab)

    def render_standalone_response(self, request, fragment, course=None, tab=None, **kwargs):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=arguments-differ
        """
        Renders this static tab's fragment to HTML for a standalone page.
        """
        return render_to_response('courseware/static_tab.html', {
            'course': course,
            'active_page': 'static_tab_{}'.format(tab['url_slug']),
            'tab': tab,
            'fragment': fragment,
            'disable_courseware_js': True,
        })


class CourseTabView(EdxFragmentView):
    """
    View that displays a course tab page.
    """
    @method_decorator(ensure_csrf_cookie)
    @method_decorator(ensure_valid_course_key)
    @method_decorator(data_sharing_consent_required)
    def get(self, request, course_id, tab_type, **kwargs):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=arguments-differ
        """
        Displays a course tab page that contains a web fragment.
        """
        course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)
        with modulestore().bulk_operations(course_key):
            course = get_course_with_access(request.user, 'load', course_key)
            try:
                # Render the page
                course_tabs = course.tabs + _get_dynamic_tabs(course, request.user)
                tab = CourseTabList.get_tab_by_type(course_tabs, tab_type)
                page_context = self.create_page_context(request, course=course, tab=tab, **kwargs)

                # Show warnings if the user has limited access
                # Must come after masquerading on creation of page context
                self.register_user_access_warning_messages(request, course)

                set_custom_attributes_for_course_key(course_key)
                return super().get(request, course=course, page_context=page_context, **kwargs)
            except Exception as exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                return CourseTabView.handle_exceptions(request, course_key, course, exception)

    @staticmethod
    def url_to_enroll(course_key):
        """
        Returns the URL to use to enroll in the specified course.
        """
        url_to_enroll = reverse('about_course', args=[str(course_key)])
        if settings.FEATURES.get('ENABLE_MKTG_SITE'):
            url_to_enroll = marketing_link('COURSES')
        return url_to_enroll

    @staticmethod
    def register_user_access_warning_messages(request, course):
        """
        Register messages to be shown to the user if they have limited access.
        """
        allow_anonymous = check_public_access(course, [COURSE_VISIBILITY_PUBLIC])

        if request.user.is_anonymous and not allow_anonymous:
            if CourseTabView.course_open_for_learner_enrollment(course):
                PageLevelMessages.register_warning_message(
                    request,
                    Text(_("To see course content, {sign_in_link} or {register_link}.")).format(
                        sign_in_link=HTML('<a href="/login?next={current_url}">{sign_in_label}</a>').format(
                            sign_in_label=_("sign in"),
                            current_url=quote_plus(request.path),
                        ),
                        register_link=HTML('<a href="/register?next={current_url}">{register_label}</a>').format(
                            register_label=_("register"),
                            current_url=quote_plus(request.path),
                        ),
                    ),
                    once_only=True
                )
            else:
                PageLevelMessages.register_warning_message(
                    request,
                    Text(_("{sign_in_link} or {register_link}.")).format(
                        sign_in_link=HTML('<a href="/login?next={current_url}">{sign_in_label}</a>').format(
                            sign_in_label=_("Sign in"),
                            current_url=quote_plus(request.path),
                        ),
                        register_link=HTML('<a href="/register?next={current_url}">{register_label}</a>').format(
                            register_label=_("register"),
                            current_url=quote_plus(request.path),
                        ),
                    )
                )
        else:
            if not CourseEnrollment.is_enrolled(request.user, course.id) and not allow_anonymous:
                # Only show enroll button if course is open for enrollment.
                if CourseTabView.course_open_for_learner_enrollment(course):
                    enroll_message = _(
                        'You must be enrolled in the course to see course content. '
                        '{enroll_link_start}Enroll now{enroll_link_end}.'
                    )
                    PageLevelMessages.register_warning_message(
                        request,
                        Text(enroll_message).format(
                            enroll_link_start=HTML('<button class="enroll-btn btn-link">'),
                            enroll_link_end=HTML('</button>')
                        )
                    )
                else:
                    PageLevelMessages.register_warning_message(
                        request,
                        Text(_('You must be enrolled in the course to see course content.'))
                    )

    @staticmethod
    def course_open_for_learner_enrollment(course):
        return (course_open_for_self_enrollment(course.id)
                and not course_is_invitation_only(course)
                and not CourseMode.is_masters_only(course.id))

    @staticmethod
    def handle_exceptions(request, course_key, course, exception):
        """
        Handle exceptions raised when rendering a view.
        """
        if isinstance(exception, Redirect) or isinstance(exception, Http404):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=consider-merging-isinstance
            raise  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=misplaced-bare-raise
        if settings.DEBUG:
            raise  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=misplaced-bare-raise
        user = request.user
        log.exception(
            "Error in %s: user=%s, effective_user=%s, course=%s",
            request.path,
            getattr(user, 'real_user', user),
            user,
            str(course_key),
        )
        try:
            return render_to_response(
                'courseware/courseware-error.html',
                {
                    'staff_access': has_access(user, 'staff', course),
                    'course': course,
                },
                status=500,
            )
        except:
            # Let the exception propagate, relying on global config to
            # at least return a nice error message
            log.exception("Error while rendering courseware-error page")
            raise

    def create_page_context(self, request, course=None, tab=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Creates the context for the fragment's template.
        """
        can_masquerade = request.user.has_perm(MASQUERADE_AS_STUDENT, course)
        supports_preview_menu = tab.get('supports_preview_menu', False)
        if supports_preview_menu:
            masquerade, masquerade_user = setup_masquerade(
                request,
                course.id,
                can_masquerade,
                reset_masquerade_data=True,
            )
            request.user = masquerade_user
        else:
            masquerade = None

        context = {
            'course': course,
            'tab': tab,
            'active_page': tab.get('type', None),
            'can_masquerade': can_masquerade,
            'masquerade': masquerade,
            'supports_preview_menu': supports_preview_menu,
            'uses_bootstrap': True,
            'disable_courseware_js': True,
        }
        # Avoid Multiple Mathjax loading on the 'user_profile'
        if 'profile_page_context' in kwargs:
            context['load_mathjax'] = kwargs['profile_page_context'].get('load_mathjax', True)

        context.update(
            get_experiment_user_metadata_context(
                course,
                request.user,
            )
        )
        return context

    def render_to_fragment(self, request, course=None, page_context=None, **kwargs):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=arguments-differ
        """
        Renders the course tab to a fragment.
        """
        tab = page_context['tab']
        return tab.render_to_fragment(request, course, **kwargs)

    def render_standalone_response(self, request, fragment, course=None, tab=None, page_context=None, **kwargs):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=arguments-differ
        """
        Renders this course tab's fragment to HTML for a standalone page.
        """
        if not page_context:
            page_context = self.create_page_context(request, course=course, tab=tab, **kwargs)
        tab = page_context['tab']
        page_context['fragment'] = fragment
        return render_to_response('courseware/tab-view.html', page_context)


@ensure_csrf_cookie
@ensure_valid_course_key
def syllabus(request, course_id):
    """
    Display the course's syllabus.html, or 404 if there is no such course.
    Assumes the course_id is in a valid format.
    """

    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)

    course = get_course_with_access(request.user, 'load', course_key)
    staff_access = bool(has_access(request.user, 'staff', course))

    return render_to_response('courseware/syllabus.html', {
        'course': course,
        'staff_access': staff_access,
    })


def registered_for_course(course, user):
    """
    Return True if user is registered for course, else False
    """
    if user is None:
        return False
    if user.is_authenticated:
        return CourseEnrollment.is_enrolled(user, course.id)
    else:
        return False


class EnrollStaffView(View):
    """
    Displays view for registering in the course to a global staff user.
    User can either choose to 'Enroll' or 'Don't Enroll' in the course.
      Enroll: Enrolls user in course and redirects to the courseware.
      Don't Enroll: Redirects user to course about page.
    Arguments:
     - request    : HTTP request
     - course_id  : course id
    Returns:
     - RedirectResponse
    """
    template_name = 'enroll_staff.html'

    @method_decorator(require_global_staff)
    @method_decorator(ensure_valid_course_key)
    def get(self, request, course_id):
        """
        Display enroll staff view to global staff user with `Enroll` and `Don't Enroll` options.
        """
        user = request.user
        course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)
        with modulestore().bulk_operations(course_key):
            course = get_course_with_access(user, 'load', course_key)
            if not registered_for_course(course, user):
                context = {
                    'course': course,
                    'csrftoken': csrf(request)["csrf_token"]
                }
                return render_to_response(self.template_name, context)

    @method_decorator(require_global_staff)
    @method_decorator(ensure_valid_course_key)
    def post(self, request, course_id):
        """
        Either enrolls the user in course or redirects user to course about page
        depending upon the option (Enroll, Don't Enroll) chosen by the user.
        """
        _next = urllib.parse.quote_plus(request.GET.get('next', 'info'), safe='/:?=')
        course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)
        enroll = 'enroll' in request.POST
        if enroll:
            add_enrollment(request.user.username, course_id)
            log.info(
                "User %s enrolled in %s via `enroll_staff` view",
                request.user.username,
                course_id
            )
            return redirect(_next)

        # In any other case redirect to the course about page.
        return redirect(reverse('about_course', args=[str(course_key)]))


@ensure_csrf_cookie
@ensure_valid_course_key
@cache_if_anonymous()
def course_about(request, course_id):  # pylint: disable=too-many-statements
    """
    Display the course's about page.
    """
    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)

    # If a user is not able to enroll in a course then redirect
    # them away from the about page to the dashboard.
    if not can_self_enroll_in_course(course_key):
        return redirect(reverse('dashboard'))

    # If user needs to be redirected to course home then redirect
    if _course_home_redirect_enabled():
        return redirect(course_home_url(course_key))

    with modulestore().bulk_operations(course_key):
        permission = get_permission_for_course_about()
        course = get_course_with_access(request.user, permission, course_key)
        course_details = CourseDetails.populate(course)
        modes = CourseMode.modes_for_course_dict(course_key)
        registered = registered_for_course(course, request.user)

        staff_access = bool(has_access(request.user, 'staff', course))
        studio_url = get_studio_url(course, 'settings/details')

        if request.user.has_perm(VIEW_COURSE_HOME, course):
            course_target = course_home_url(course.id)
        else:
            course_target = reverse('about_course', args=[str(course.id)])

        show_courseware_link = bool(
            (
                request.user.has_perm(VIEW_COURSEWARE, course)
            ) or settings.FEATURES.get('ENABLE_LMS_MIGRATION')
        )

        # If the ecommerce checkout flow is enabled and the mode of the course is
        # professional or no id professional, we construct links for the enrollment
        # button to add the course to the ecommerce basket.
        ecomm_service = EcommerceService()
        ecommerce_checkout = ecomm_service.is_enabled(request.user)
        ecommerce_checkout_link = ''
        ecommerce_bulk_checkout_link = ''
        single_paid_mode = None
        if ecommerce_checkout:
            if len(modes) == 1 and list(modes.values())[0].min_price:
                single_paid_mode = list(modes.values())[0]
            else:
                # have professional ignore other modes for historical reasons
                single_paid_mode = modes.get(CourseMode.PROFESSIONAL)

            if single_paid_mode and single_paid_mode.sku:
                ecommerce_checkout_link = ecomm_service.get_checkout_page_url(
                    single_paid_mode.sku, course_run_keys=[course_id]
                )
            if single_paid_mode and single_paid_mode.bulk_sku:
                ecommerce_bulk_checkout_link = ecomm_service.get_checkout_page_url(
                    single_paid_mode.bulk_sku, course_run_keys=[course_id]
                )

        registration_price, course_price = get_course_prices(course)  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=unused-variable

        # Used to provide context to message to student if enrollment not allowed
        can_enroll = bool(request.user.has_perm(ENROLL_IN_COURSE, course))
        invitation_only = course_is_invitation_only(course)
        is_course_full = CourseEnrollment.objects.is_course_full(course)

        # Register button should be disabled if one of the following is true:
        # - Student is already registered for course
        # - Course is already full
        # - Student cannot enroll in course
        active_reg_button = not (registered or is_course_full or not can_enroll)

        is_shib_course = uses_shib(course)

        # get prerequisite courses display names
        pre_requisite_courses = get_prerequisite_courses_display(course)

        # Overview
        overview = CourseOverview.get_from_id(course.id)

        sidebar_html_enabled = ENABLE_COURSE_ABOUT_SIDEBAR_HTML.is_enabled()

        allow_anonymous = check_public_access(course, [COURSE_VISIBILITY_PUBLIC, COURSE_VISIBILITY_PUBLIC_OUTLINE])

        context = {
            'course': course,
            'course_details': course_details,
            'staff_access': staff_access,
            'studio_url': studio_url,
            'registered': registered,
            'course_target': course_target,
            'is_cosmetic_price_enabled': settings.FEATURES.get('ENABLE_COSMETIC_DISPLAY_PRICE'),
            'course_price': course_price,
            'ecommerce_checkout': ecommerce_checkout,
            'ecommerce_checkout_link': ecommerce_checkout_link,
            'ecommerce_bulk_checkout_link': ecommerce_bulk_checkout_link,
            'single_paid_mode': single_paid_mode,
            'show_courseware_link': show_courseware_link,
            'is_course_full': is_course_full,
            'can_enroll': can_enroll,
            'invitation_only': invitation_only,
            'active_reg_button': active_reg_button,
            'is_shib_course': is_shib_course,
            # We do not want to display the internal courseware header, which is used when the course is found in the
            # context. This value is therefore explicitly set to render the appropriate header.
            'disable_courseware_header': True,
            'pre_requisite_courses': pre_requisite_courses,
            'course_image_urls': overview.image_urls,
            'sidebar_html_enabled': sidebar_html_enabled,
            'allow_anonymous': allow_anonymous,
        }

        course_about_template = 'courseware/course_about.html'
        try:
            # .. filter_implemented_name: CourseAboutRenderStarted
            # .. filter_type: org.openedx.learning.course_about.render.started.v1
            context, course_about_template = CourseAboutRenderStarted.run_filter(
                context=context, template_name=course_about_template,
            )
        except CourseAboutRenderStarted.RenderInvalidCourseAbout as exc:
            response = render_to_response(exc.course_about_template, exc.template_context)
        except CourseAboutRenderStarted.RedirectToPage as exc:
            raise CourseAccessRedirect(exc.redirect_to or reverse('dashboard')) from exc
        except CourseAboutRenderStarted.RenderCustomResponse as exc:
            response = exc.response or render_to_response(course_about_template, context)
        else:
            response = render_to_response(course_about_template, context)

        return response


@ensure_csrf_cookie
@cache_if_anonymous()
def program_marketing(request, program_uuid):
    """
    Display the program marketing page.
    """
    program_data = get_programs(uuid=program_uuid)

    if not program_data:
        raise Http404

    program = ProgramMarketingDataExtender(program_data, request.user).extend()
    program['type_slug'] = slugify(program['type'])
    skus = program.get('skus')
    ecommerce_service = EcommerceService()

    context = {'program': program}

    if program.get('is_learner_eligible_for_one_click_purchase') and skus:
        context['buy_button_href'] = ecommerce_service.get_checkout_page_url(*skus, program_uuid=program_uuid)

    context['uses_bootstrap'] = True

    return render_to_response('courseware/program_marketing.html', context)


@ensure_valid_course_key
def dates(request, course_id):
    """
    Simply redirects to the MFE dates tab, as this legacy view for dates no longer exists.
    """
    raise Redirect(get_learning_mfe_home_url(course_key=course_id, url_fragment='dates', params=request.GET))


@transaction.non_atomic_requests
@login_required
@cache_control(no_cache=True, no_store=True, must_revalidate=True)
@ensure_valid_course_key
@data_sharing_consent_required
def progress(request, course_id, student_id=None):
    """ Display the progress page. """
    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)
    if course_key.deprecated:
        raise Http404

    if course_home_mfe_progress_tab_is_active(course_key) and not request.user.is_staff:
        end_of_redirect_url = 'progress' if not student_id else f'progress/{student_id}'
        raise Redirect(get_learning_mfe_home_url(
            course_key=course_key, url_fragment=end_of_redirect_url, params=request.GET,
        ))

    with modulestore().bulk_operations(course_key):
        return _progress(request, course_key, student_id)


def _progress(request, course_key, student_id):
    """
    Unwrapped version of "progress".
    User progress. We show the grade bar and every problem score.
    Course staff are allowed to see the progress of students in their class.
    """

    if student_id is not None:
        try:
            student_id = int(student_id)
        # Check for ValueError if 'student_id' cannot be converted to integer.
        except ValueError:
            raise Http404  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=raise-missing-from

    course = get_course_with_access(request.user, 'load', course_key)

    staff_access = bool(has_access(request.user, 'staff', course))
    can_masquerade = request.user.has_perm(MASQUERADE_AS_STUDENT, course)

    masquerade = None
    if student_id is None or student_id == request.user.id:
        # This will be a no-op for non-staff users, returning request.user
        masquerade, student = setup_masquerade(request, course_key, can_masquerade, reset_masquerade_data=True)
    else:
        try:
            coach_access = has_ccx_coach_role(request.user, course_key)
        except CCXLocatorValidationException:
            coach_access = False

        has_access_on_students_profiles = staff_access or coach_access
        # Requesting access to a different student's profile
        if not has_access_on_students_profiles:
            raise Http404
        try:
            student = User.objects.get(id=student_id)
        except User.DoesNotExist:
            raise Http404  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=raise-missing-from

    # NOTE: To make sure impersonation by instructor works, use
    # student instead of request.user in the rest of the function.

    # The pre-fetching of groups is done to make auth checks not require an
    # additional DB lookup (this kills the Progress page in particular).
    prefetch_related_objects([student], 'groups')
    if request.user.id != student.id:
        # refetch the course as the assumed student
        course = get_course_with_access(student, 'load', course_key, check_if_enrolled=True)

    # NOTE: To make sure impersonation by instructor works, use
    # student instead of request.user in the rest of the function.

    course_grade = CourseGradeFactory().read(student, course)
    courseware_summary = list(course_grade.chapter_grades.values())

    studio_url = get_studio_url(course, 'settings/grading')
    # checking certificate generation configuration
    enrollment_mode, _ = CourseEnrollment.enrollment_mode_for_user(student, course_key)

    course_expiration_fragment = generate_course_expired_fragment(student, course)

    context = {
        'course': course,
        'courseware_summary': courseware_summary,
        'studio_url': studio_url,
        'grade_summary': course_grade.summary,
        'can_masquerade': can_masquerade,
        'staff_access': staff_access,
        'masquerade': masquerade,
        'supports_preview_menu': True,
        'student': student,
        'credit_course_requirements': credit_course_requirements(course_key, student),
        'course_expiration_fragment': course_expiration_fragment,
        'certificate_data': get_cert_data(student, course, enrollment_mode, course_grade)
    }

    context.update(
        get_experiment_user_metadata_context(
            course,
            student,
        )
    )

    with outer_atomic():
        response = render_to_response('courseware/progress.html', context)

    return response


def _downloadable_certificate_message(course, cert_downloadable_status):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring
    if certs_api.has_html_certificates_enabled(course):
        if certs_api.get_active_web_certificate(course) is not None:
            return _downloadable_cert_data(
                download_url=None,
                cert_web_view_url=certs_api.get_certificate_url(
                    course_id=course.id, uuid=cert_downloadable_status['uuid']
                )
            )
        elif not cert_downloadable_status['is_pdf_certificate']:
            return GENERATING_CERT_DATA

    return _downloadable_cert_data(download_url=cert_downloadable_status['download_url'])


def _missing_required_verification(student, enrollment_mode):
    return settings.FEATURES.get('ENABLE_CERTIFICATES_IDV_REQUIREMENT') and (
        enrollment_mode in CourseMode.VERIFIED_MODES and not IDVerificationService.user_is_verified(student)
    )


def _certificate_message(student, course, enrollment_mode):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring
    if certs_api.is_certificate_invalidated(student, course.id):
        return INVALID_CERT_DATA

    cert_downloadable_status = certs_api.certificate_downloadable_status(student, course.id)

    if cert_downloadable_status.get('earned_but_not_available'):
        return _earned_but_not_available_cert_data(cert_downloadable_status)

    if cert_downloadable_status['is_generating']:
        return GENERATING_CERT_DATA

    if cert_downloadable_status['is_unverified'] or _missing_required_verification(student, enrollment_mode):
        return _unverified_cert_data()

    if cert_downloadable_status['is_downloadable']:
        return _downloadable_certificate_message(course, cert_downloadable_status)

    return REQUESTING_CERT_DATA


def get_cert_data(student, course, enrollment_mode, course_grade=None):
    """Returns students course certificate related data.
    Arguments:
        student (User): Student for whom certificate to retrieve.
        course (Course): Course object for which certificate data to retrieve.
        enrollment_mode (String): Course mode in which student is enrolled.
        course_grade (CourseGrade): Student's course grade record.
    Returns:
        returns dict if course certificate is available else None.
    """
    cert_data = _certificate_message(student, course, enrollment_mode)
    if not CourseMode.is_eligible_for_certificate(enrollment_mode, status=cert_data.cert_status):
        return INELIGIBLE_PASSING_CERT_DATA.get(enrollment_mode)

    if cert_data.cert_status == EARNED_BUT_NOT_AVAILABLE_CERT_STATUS:
        return cert_data

    certificates_enabled_for_course = certs_api.has_self_generated_certificates_enabled(course.id)
    if course_grade is None:
        course_grade = CourseGradeFactory().read(student, course)

    if not certs_api.can_show_certificate_message(course, student, course_grade, certificates_enabled_for_course):
        return

    if not certs_api.get_active_web_certificate(course) and not certs_api.is_valid_pdf_certificate(cert_data):
        return

    return cert_data


def credit_course_requirements(course_key, student):
    """Return information about which credit requirements a user has satisfied.
    Arguments:
        course_key (CourseKey): Identifier for the course.
        student (User): Currently logged in user.
    Returns: dict if the credit eligibility enabled and it is a credit course
    and the user is enrolled in either verified or credit mode, and None otherwise.
    """
    # If credit eligibility is not enabled or this is not a credit course,
    # short-circuit and return `None`.  This indicates that credit requirements
    # should NOT be displayed on the progress page.
    if not (settings.FEATURES.get("ENABLE_CREDIT_ELIGIBILITY", False) and is_credit_course(course_key)):
        return None

    # This indicates that credit requirements should NOT be displayed on the progress page.
    enrollment = CourseEnrollment.get_enrollment(student, course_key)
    if enrollment and enrollment.mode not in REQUIREMENTS_DISPLAY_MODES:
        return None

    # Credit requirement statuses for which user does not remain eligible to get credit.
    non_eligible_statuses = ['failed', 'declined']

    # Retrieve the status of the user for each eligibility requirement in the course.
    # For each requirement, the user's status is either "satisfied", "failed", or None.
    # In this context, `None` means that we don't know the user's status, either because
    # the user hasn't done something (for example, submitting photos for verification)
    # or we're waiting on more information (for example, a response from the photo
    # verification service).
    requirement_statuses = get_credit_requirement_status(course_key, student.username)

    # If the user has been marked as "eligible", then they are *always* eligible
    # unless someone manually intervenes.  This could lead to some strange behavior
    # if the requirements change post-launch.  For example, if the user was marked as eligible
    # for credit, then a new requirement was added, the user will see that they're eligible
    # AND that one of the requirements is still pending.
    # We're assuming here that (a) we can mitigate this by properly training course teams,
    # and (b) it's a better user experience to allow students who were at one time
    # marked as eligible to continue to be eligible.
    # If we need to, we can always manually move students back to ineligible by
    # deleting CreditEligibility records in the database.
    if is_user_eligible_for_credit(student.username, course_key):
        eligibility_status = "eligible"

    # If the user has *failed* any requirements (for example, if a photo verification is denied),
    # then the user is NOT eligible for credit.
    elif any(requirement['status'] in non_eligible_statuses for requirement in requirement_statuses):
        eligibility_status = "not_eligible"

    # Otherwise, the user may be eligible for credit, but the user has not
    # yet completed all the requirements.
    else:
        eligibility_status = "partial_eligible"

    return {
        'eligibility_status': eligibility_status,
        'requirements': requirement_statuses,
    }


def _course_home_redirect_enabled():
    """
    Return True value if user needs to be redirected to course home based on value of
    `ENABLE_MKTG_SITE` and `ENABLE_COURSE_HOME_REDIRECT feature` flags
    Returns: boolean True or False
    """
    if configuration_helpers.get_value(
            'ENABLE_MKTG_SITE', settings.FEATURES.get('ENABLE_MKTG_SITE', False)
    ) and configuration_helpers.get_value(
        'ENABLE_COURSE_HOME_REDIRECT', settings.FEATURES.get('ENABLE_COURSE_HOME_REDIRECT', True)
    ):
        return True


@login_required
@ensure_valid_course_key
def submission_history(request, course_id, learner_identifier, location):
    """Render an HTML fragment (meant for inclusion elsewhere) that renders a
    history of all state changes made by this user for this problem location.
    Right now this only works for problems because that's all
    StudentModuleHistory records.
    """
    found_user_name = get_learner_username(learner_identifier)
    if not found_user_name:
        return HttpResponse(escape(_('User does not exist.')))

    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)

    try:
        usage_key = UsageKey.from_string(location).map_into_course(course_key)
    except (InvalidKeyError, AssertionError):
        return HttpResponse(escape(_('Invalid location.')))

    course = get_course_overview_with_access(request.user, 'load', course_key)
    staff_access = bool(has_access(request.user, 'staff', course))

    # Permission Denied if they don't have staff access and are trying to see
    # somebody else's submission history.
    if (found_user_name != request.user.username) and (not staff_access):
        raise PermissionDenied

    user_state_client = DjangoXBlockUserStateClient()
    try:
        history_entries = list(user_state_client.get_history(found_user_name, usage_key))
    except DjangoXBlockUserStateClient.DoesNotExist:
        return HttpResponse(escape(_('User {username} has never accessed problem {location}').format(
            username=found_user_name,
            location=location
        )))

    # This is ugly, but until we have a proper submissions API that we can use to provide
    # the scores instead, it will have to do.
    csm = StudentModule.objects.filter(
        module_state_key=usage_key,
        student__username=found_user_name,
        course_id=course_key)

    scores = BaseStudentModuleHistory.get_history(csm)

    if len(scores) != len(history_entries):
        log.warning(
            "Mismatch when fetching scores for student "
            "history for course %s, user %s, xblock %s. "
            "%d scores were found, and %d history entries were found. "
            "Matching scores to history entries by date for display.",
            course_id,
            found_user_name,
            location,
            len(scores),
            len(history_entries),
        )
        scores_by_date = {
            score.created: score
            for score in scores
        }
        scores = [
            scores_by_date[history.updated]
            for history in history_entries
        ]

    context = {
        'history_entries': history_entries,
        'scores': scores,
        'username': found_user_name,
        'location': location,
        'course_id': str(course_key)
    }

    return render_to_response('courseware/submission_history.html', context)


def get_static_tab_fragment(request, course, tab):
    """
    Returns the fragment for the given static tab
    """
    loc = course.id.make_usage_key(
        tab.type,
        tab.url_slug,
    )
    field_data_cache = FieldDataCache.cache_for_block_descendents(
        course.id, request.user, modulestore().get_item(loc), depth=0
    )
    tab_block = get_block(
        request.user, request, loc, field_data_cache, static_asset_path=course.static_asset_path, course=course
    )

    logging.debug('course_block = %s', tab_block)

    fragment = Fragment()
    if tab_block is not None:
        try:
            fragment = tab_block.render(STUDENT_VIEW, {})
        except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
            fragment.content = render_to_string('courseware/error-message.html', None)
            log.exception(
                "Error rendering course=%s, tab=%s", course, tab['url_slug']
            )

    return fragment


@require_GET
@ensure_valid_course_key
def get_course_lti_endpoints(request, course_id):
    """
    View that, given a course_id, returns the a JSON object that enumerates all of the LTI endpoints for that course.
    The LTI 2.0 result service spec at
    http://www.imsglobal.org/lti/ltiv2p0/uml/purl.imsglobal.org/vocab/lis/v2/outcomes/Result/service.html
    says "This specification document does not prescribe a method for discovering the endpoint URLs."  This view
    function implements one way of discovering these endpoints, returning a JSON array when accessed.
    Arguments:
        request (django request object):  the HTTP request object that triggered this view function
        course_id (unicode):  id associated with the course
    Returns:
        (django response object):  HTTP response.  404 if course is not found, otherwise 200 with JSON body.
    """

    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)

    try:
        course = get_course(course_key, depth=2)
    except ValueError:
        return HttpResponse(status=404)

    anonymous_user = AnonymousUser()
    anonymous_user.known = False  # make these "noauth" requests like block_render.handle_xblock_callback_noauth
    lti_blocks = modulestore().get_items(course.id, qualifiers={'category': 'lti'})
    lti_blocks.extend(modulestore().get_items(course.id, qualifiers={'category': 'lti_consumer'}))

    lti_noauth_blocks = [
        get_block_for_descriptor(
            anonymous_user,
            request,
            block,
            FieldDataCache.cache_for_block_descendents(
                course_key,
                anonymous_user,
                block
            ),
            course_key,
            course=course
        )
        for block in lti_blocks
    ]

    endpoints = [
        {
            'display_name': block.display_name,
            'lti_2_0_result_service_json_endpoint': block.get_outcome_service_url(
                service_name='lti_2_0_result_rest_handler') + "/user/{anon_user_id}",
            'lti_1_1_result_service_xml_endpoint': block.get_outcome_service_url(
                service_name='grade_handler'),
        }
        for block in lti_noauth_blocks
    ]

    return HttpResponse(json.dumps(endpoints), content_type='application/json')  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=http-response-with-content-type-json, http-response-with-json-dumps


@login_required
def course_survey(request, course_id):
    """
    URL endpoint to present a survey that is associated with a course_id
    Note that the actual implementation of course survey is handled in the
    views.py file in the Survey Djangoapp
    """

    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)
    course = get_course_with_access(request.user, 'load', course_key, check_survey_complete=False)

    redirect_url = course_home_url(course_key)

    # if there is no Survey associated with this course,
    # then redirect to the course instead
    if not course.course_survey_name:
        return redirect(redirect_url)

    return survey_views.view_student_survey(
        request.user,
        course.course_survey_name,
        course=course,
        redirect_url=redirect_url,
        is_required=course.course_survey_required,
    )


def is_course_passed(student, course, course_grade=None):
    """
    check user's course passing status. return True if passed
    Arguments:
        student : user object
        course : course object
        course_grade (CourseGrade) : contains student grade details.
    Returns:
        returns bool value
    """
    if course_grade is None:
        course_grade = CourseGradeFactory().read(student, course)
    return course_grade.passed


# Grades can potentially be written - if so, let grading manage the transaction.
@transaction.non_atomic_requests
@require_POST
def generate_user_cert(request, course_id):
    """
    Request that a course certificate be generated for the user.

    In addition to requesting generation, this method also checks for and returns the certificate status. Note that
    because generation is an asynchronous process, the certificate may not have been generated when its status is
    retrieved.

    Args:
        request (HttpRequest): The POST request to this view.
        course_id (unicode): The identifier for the course.
    Returns:
        HttpResponse: 200 on success, 400 if a new certificate cannot be generated.
    """

    if not request.user.is_authenticated:
        log.info("Anon user trying to generate certificate for %s", course_id)
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(
            _('You must be signed in to {platform_name} to create a certificate.').format(
                platform_name=configuration_helpers.get_value('PLATFORM_NAME', settings.PLATFORM_NAME)
            )
        )

    student = request.user
    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id)

    course = modulestore().get_course(course_key, depth=2)
    if not course:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(_("Course is not valid"))

    log.info(f'Attempt will be made to generate a course certificate for {student.id} : {course_key}.')

    try:
        certs_api.generate_certificate_task(student, course_key, 'self')
    except CertificateGenerationNotAllowed as e:
        log.exception(
            "Certificate generation not allowed for user %s in course %s",
            str(student),
            course_key,
        )
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(str(e))

    if not is_course_passed(student, course):
        log.info("User %s has not passed the course: %s", student.username, course_id)
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(_("Your certificate will be available when you pass the course."))

    certificate_status = certs_api.certificate_downloadable_status(student, course.id)

    log.info(
        "User %s has requested for certificate in %s, current status: is_downloadable: %s, is_generating: %s",
        student.username,
        course_id,
        certificate_status["is_downloadable"],
        certificate_status["is_generating"],
    )

    if certificate_status["is_downloadable"]:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(_("Certificate has already been created."))
    elif certificate_status["is_generating"]:
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(_("Certificate is being created."))

    return HttpResponse()


def enclosing_sequence_for_gating_checks(block):
    """
    Return the first ancestor of this block that is a SequenceDescriptor.

    Returns None if there is no such ancestor. Returns None if you call it on a
    SequenceDescriptor directly.

    We explicitly test against the three known tag types that map to sequences
    (even though two of them have been long since deprecated and are never
    used). We _don't_ test against SequentialDescriptor directly because:

    1. A direct comparison on the type fails because we magically mix it into a
       SequenceDescriptorWithMixins object.
    2. An isinstance check doesn't give us the right behavior because Courses
       and Sections both subclass SequenceDescriptor. >_<

    Also important to note that some content isn't contained in Sequences at
    all. LabXchange uses learning pathways, but even content inside courses like
    `static_tab`, `book`, and `about` live outside the sequence hierarchy.
    """
    seq_tags = ['sequential']

    # If it's being called on a Sequence itself, then don't bother crawling the
    # ancestor tree, because all the sequence metadata we need for gating checks
    # will happen automatically when rendering the render_xblock view anyway,
    # and we don't want weird, weird edge cases where you have nested Sequences
    # (which would probably "work" in terms of OLX import).
    if block.location.block_type in seq_tags:
        return None

    ancestor = block
    while ancestor and ancestor.location.block_type not in seq_tags:
        ancestor = ancestor.get_parent()  # Note: CourseBlock's parent is None

    if ancestor:
        # get_parent() returns a parent block instance cached on the block which does not
        # have user data bound to it so we need to get it again with get_block() which will set up everything.
        return block.runtime.get_block(ancestor.location)
    return None


def _check_sequence_exam_access(request, location):
    """
    Checks the client request for an exam access token for a sequence.
    Exam access is always granted at the sequence block. This method of gating is
    only used by the edx-exams system and NOT edx-proctoring.
    """
    if request.user.is_staff or is_masquerading_as_specific_student(request.user, location.course_key):
        return True

    exam_access_token = request.GET.get('exam_access')
    if exam_access_token:
        try:
            # unpack will validate both expiration and the requesting user matches the
            # token user
            exam_access_unpacked = unpack_jwt(exam_access_token, request.user.id)
        except:  # pylint: disable=bare-except
            log.exception(f"Failed to validate exam access token. user_id={request.user.id} location={location}")
            return False

        return str(location) == exam_access_unpacked.get('content_id')

    return False


@require_http_methods(["GET", "POST"])
@ensure_valid_usage_key
@xframe_options_exempt
@transaction.non_atomic_requests
@ensure_csrf_cookie
def render_xblock(request, usage_key_string, check_if_enrolled=True, disable_staff_debug_info=False):  # pylint: disable=too-many-statements
    """
    Returns an HttpResponse with HTML content for the xBlock with the given usage_key.
    The returned HTML is a chromeless rendering of the xBlock (excluding content of the containing courseware).
    """
    usage_key = UsageKey.from_string(usage_key_string)

    usage_key = usage_key.replace(course_key=modulestore().fill_in_run(usage_key.course_key))
    course_key = usage_key.course_key

    # Gathering metrics to make performance measurements easier.
    set_custom_attributes_for_course_key(course_key)
    set_custom_attribute('usage_key', usage_key_string)
    set_custom_attribute('block_type', usage_key.block_type)
    block_class = XBlock.load_class(usage_key.block_type)
    if hasattr(block_class, 'is_extracted'):
        is_extracted = block_class.is_extracted
        set_custom_attribute('block_extracted', is_extracted)

    requested_view = request.GET.get('view', 'student_view')
    if requested_view != 'student_view' and requested_view != 'public_view':  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=consider-using-in
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(
            f"Rendering of the xblock view '{nh3.clean(requested_view)}' is not supported."
        )

    staff_access = bool(has_access(request.user, 'staff', course_key))
    is_preview = request.GET.get('preview', '0') == '1'

    store = modulestore()
    branch_type = (
        ModuleStoreEnum.Branch.draft_preferred
    ) if is_preview and staff_access else (
        ModuleStoreEnum.Branch.published_only
    )

    with store.bulk_operations(course_key):
        with store.branch_setting(branch_type, course_key):
            # verify the user has access to the course, including enrollment check
            try:
                course = get_course_with_access(request.user, 'load', course_key, check_if_enrolled=check_if_enrolled)
            except CourseAccessRedirect:
                raise Http404("Course not found.")  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=raise-missing-from

            # with course access now verified:
            # assume masquerading role, if applicable.
            # (if we did this *before* the course access check, then course staff
            #  masquerading as learners would often be denied access, since course
            #  staff are generally not enrolled, and viewing a course generally
            #  requires enrollment.)
            _course_masquerade, request.user = setup_masquerade(
                request,
                course_key,
                staff_access,
            )

            # Record user activity for tracking progress towards a user's course goals (for mobile app)
            UserActivity.record_user_activity(
                request.user, usage_key.course_key, request=request, only_if_mobile_app=True
            )

            # get the block, which verifies whether the user has access to the block.
            recheck_access = request.GET.get('recheck_access') == '1'
            block, _ = get_block_by_usage_id(
                request,
                str(course_key),
                str(usage_key),
                disable_staff_debug_info=disable_staff_debug_info,
                course=course,
                will_recheck_access=recheck_access,
            )

            student_view_context = request.GET.dict()
            student_view_context['show_bookmark_button'] = request.GET.get('show_bookmark_button', '0') == '1'
            student_view_context['show_title'] = request.GET.get('show_title', '1') == '1'

            is_learning_mfe = is_request_from_learning_mfe(request)
            # Right now, we only care about this in regards to the Learning MFE because it results
            # in a bad UX if we display blocks with access errors (repeated upgrade messaging).
            # If other use cases appear, consider removing the is_learning_mfe check or switching this
            # to be its own query parameter that can toggle the behavior.
            student_view_context['hide_access_error_blocks'] = is_learning_mfe and recheck_access
            is_mobile_app = is_request_from_mobile_app(request)
            student_view_context['is_mobile_app'] = is_mobile_app

            enable_completion_on_view_service = False
            completion_service = block.runtime.service(block, 'completion')
            if completion_service and completion_service.completion_tracking_enabled():
                if completion_service.blocks_to_mark_complete_on_view({block}):
                    enable_completion_on_view_service = True
                    student_view_context['wrap_xblock_data'] = {
                        'mark-completed-on-view-after-delay': completion_service.get_complete_on_view_delay_ms()
                    }

            missed_deadlines, missed_gated_content = dates_banner_should_display(course_key, request.user)

            # Some content gating happens only at the Sequence level (e.g. "has this
            # timed exam started?").
            ancestor_sequence_block = enclosing_sequence_for_gating_checks(block)
            if ancestor_sequence_block:
                context = {'specific_masquerade': is_masquerading_as_specific_student(request.user, course_key)}
                # If the SequenceModule feels that gating is necessary, redirect
                # there so we can have some kind of error message at any rate.
                if ancestor_sequence_block.descendants_are_gated(context):
                    return redirect(
                        reverse(
                            'render_xblock',
                            kwargs={'usage_key_string': str(ancestor_sequence_block.location)}
                        )
                    )

            # For courses using an LTI provider managed by edx-exams:
            # Access to exam content is determined by edx-exams and passed to the LMS using a
            # JWT url param. There is no longer a need for exam gating or logic inside the
            # sequence block or its render call. descendants_are_gated shoule not return true
            # for these timed exams. Instead, sequences are assumed gated by default and we look for
            # an access token on the request to allow rendering to continue.
            if course.proctoring_provider == 'lti_external':
                seq_block = ancestor_sequence_block if ancestor_sequence_block else block
                if getattr(seq_block, 'is_time_limited', None):
                    if not _check_sequence_exam_access(request, seq_block.location):
                        return HttpResponseForbidden("Access to exam content is restricted")

            context = {
                'course': course,
                'block': block,
                'disable_accordion': True,
                'allow_iframing': True,
                'disable_header': True,
                'disable_footer': True,
                'disable_window_wrap': True,
                'enable_completion_on_view_service': enable_completion_on_view_service,
                'edx_notes_enabled': is_feature_enabled(course, request.user),
                'staff_access': staff_access,
                'xqa_server': settings.FEATURES.get('XQA_SERVER', 'http://your_xqa_server.com'),
                'missed_deadlines': missed_deadlines,
                'missed_gated_content': missed_gated_content,
                'has_ended': course.has_ended(),
                'web_app_course_url': get_learning_mfe_home_url(course_key=course.id, url_fragment='home'),
                'on_courseware_page': True,
                'verified_upgrade_link': verified_upgrade_deadline_link(request.user, course=course),
                'is_learning_mfe': is_learning_mfe,
                'is_mobile_app': is_mobile_app,
                'render_course_wide_assets': True,
            }

            try:
                # .. filter_implemented_name: RenderXBlockStarted
                # .. filter_type: org.openedx.learning.xblock.render.started.v1
                context, student_view_context = RenderXBlockStarted.run_filter(
                    context=context, student_view_context=student_view_context
                )
            except RenderXBlockStarted.PreventXBlockBlockRender as exc:
                log.info("Halted rendering block %s. Reason: %s", usage_key_string, exc.message)
                return render_500(request)
            except RenderXBlockStarted.RenderCustomResponse as exc:
                log.info("Rendering custom exception for block %s. Reason: %s", usage_key_string, exc.message)
                context.update({
                    'fragment': Fragment(exc.response)
                })
                return render_to_response('courseware/courseware-chromeless.html', context, request=request)

            fragment = block.render(requested_view, context=student_view_context)
            optimization_flags = get_optimization_flags_for_content(block, fragment)

            context.update({
                'fragment': fragment,
                **optimization_flags,
            })

            return render_to_response('courseware/courseware-chromeless.html', context, request=request)


def get_optimization_flags_for_content(block, fragment):
    """
    Return a dict with a set of display options appropriate for the block.

    This is going to start in a very limited way.
    """
    safe_defaults = {
        'enable_mathjax': True
    }

    # Only run our optimizations on the leaf HTML and ProblemBlock nodes. The
    # mobile apps access these directly, and we don't have to worry about
    # XBlocks that dynamically load content, like inline discussions.
    usage_key = block.location

    # For now, confine ourselves to optimizing just the HTMLBlock
    if usage_key.block_type != 'html':
        return safe_defaults

    if not COURSEWARE_OPTIMIZED_RENDER_XBLOCK.is_enabled(usage_key.course_key):
        return safe_defaults

    inspector = XBlockContentInspector(block, fragment)
    flags = dict(safe_defaults)
    flags['enable_mathjax'] = inspector.has_mathjax_content()

    return flags


class XBlockContentInspector:
    """
    Class to inspect rendered XBlock content to determine dependencies.

    A lot of content has been written with the assumption that certain
    JavaScript and assets are available. This has caused us to continue to
    include these assets in the render_xblock view, despite the fact that they
    are not used by the vast majority of content.

    In order to try to provide faster load times for most users on most content,
    this class has the job of detecting certain patterns in XBlock content that
    would imply these dependencies, so we know when to include them or not.
    """
    def __init__(self, block, fragment):
        self.block = block
        self.fragment = fragment

    def has_mathjax_content(self):
        """
        Returns whether we detect any MathJax in the fragment.

        Note that this only works for things that are rendered up front. If an
        XBlock is capable of modifying the DOM afterwards to inject math content
        into the page, this will not catch it.
        """
        # The following pairs are used to mark Mathjax syntax in XBlocks. There
        # are other options for the wiki, but we don't worry about those here.
        MATHJAX_TAG_PAIRS = [
            (r"\(", r"\)"),
            (r"\[", r"\]"),
            ("[mathjaxinline]", "[/mathjaxinline]"),
            ("[mathjax]", "[/mathjax]"),
        ]
        content = self.fragment.body_html()
        for (start_tag, end_tag) in MATHJAX_TAG_PAIRS:
            if start_tag in content and end_tag in content:
                return True

        return False


@method_decorator(ensure_valid_usage_key, name='dispatch')
@method_decorator(xframe_options_exempt, name='dispatch')
@method_decorator(transaction.non_atomic_requests, name='dispatch')
class BasePublicVideoXBlockView(View):
    """
    Base functionality for public video xblock view and embed view
    """

    def get(self, _, usage_key_string):
        """ Load course and video and render public view """
        course, video_block = self.get_course_and_video_block(usage_key_string)
        template, context = self.get_template_and_context(course, video_block)
        return render_to_response(template, context)

    def get_course_and_video_block(self, usage_key_string):
        """
        Load course and video from modulestore.
        Raises 404 if:
         - video_config.public_video_share waffle flag is not enabled for this course
         - block is not video
         - block is not marked as "public_access"
         """
        usage_key = UsageKey.from_string(usage_key_string)
        usage_key = usage_key.replace(course_key=modulestore().fill_in_run(usage_key.course_key))
        course_key = usage_key.course_key

        if not PUBLIC_VIDEO_SHARE.is_enabled(course_key):
            raise Http404("Video not found.")

        # usage key block type must be `video` else raise 404
        if usage_key.block_type != 'video':
            raise Http404("Video not found.")

        with modulestore().bulk_operations(course_key):
            course = get_course_by_id(course_key, 0)

            video_block, _ = get_block_by_usage_id(
                self.request,
                str(course_key),
                str(usage_key),
                disable_staff_debug_info=True,
                course=course,
                will_recheck_access=False
            )

            # Block must be marked as public to be viewed
            if not video_block.is_public_sharing_enabled():
                raise Http404("Video not found.")

        return course, video_block


@method_decorator(ensure_valid_usage_key, name='dispatch')
@method_decorator(xframe_options_exempt, name='dispatch')
@method_decorator(transaction.non_atomic_requests, name='dispatch')
class PublicVideoXBlockView(BasePublicVideoXBlockView):
    """ View for displaying public videos """

    def get_template_and_context(self, course, video_block):
        """
        Render video xblock, gather social media metadata, and generate CTA links
        """
        fragment = video_block.render('public_view', context={
            'public_video_embed': False,
        })
        catalog_course_data = self.get_catalog_course_data(course)
        learn_more_url, enroll_url, go_to_course_url = \
            self.get_public_video_cta_button_urls(course, catalog_course_data)
        social_sharing_metadata = self.get_social_sharing_metadata(course, video_block)
        context = {
            'fragment': fragment,
            'course': course,
            'org_logo': catalog_course_data.get('org_logo'),
            'social_sharing_metadata': social_sharing_metadata,
            'learn_more_url': learn_more_url,
            'enroll_url': enroll_url,
            'go_to_course_url': go_to_course_url,
            'allow_iframing': True,
            'disable_window_wrap': True,
            'disable_register_button': True,
            'edx_notes_enabled': False,
            'is_learning_mfe': True,
            'is_mobile_app': False,
            'is_enrolled_in_course': self.get_is_enrolled_in_course(course),
        }
        return 'public_video.html', context

    def get_is_enrolled_in_course(self, course):
        """
        Returns whether the user is enrolled in the course
        """
        user = self.request.user
        return user and registered_for_course(course, user)

    def get_catalog_course_data(self, course):
        """
        Get information from the catalog service for this course
        """
        course_uuid = get_course_uuid_for_course(course.id)
        if course_uuid is None:
            return {}
        catalog_course_data = get_course_data(course_uuid, None)
        if catalog_course_data is None:
            return {}

        return {
            'org_logo': self._get_catalog_course_owner_logo(catalog_course_data),
            'marketing_url': self._get_catalog_course_marketing_url(catalog_course_data),
        }

    def _get_catalog_course_marketing_url(self, catalog_course_data):
        """
        Helper to extract url and remove any potential utm queries.
        The discovery API includes UTM info unless you request it to not be included.
        The request for the UUIDs will cache the response within the LMS so we need
        to strip it here.
        """
        marketing_url = catalog_course_data.get('marketing_url')
        if marketing_url is None:
            return marketing_url
        url_parts = urlparse(marketing_url)
        return self._replace_url_query(url_parts, {})

    def _get_catalog_course_owner_logo(self, catalog_course_data):
        """ Helper to safely extract the course owner image url from the catalog course """
        owners_data = catalog_course_data.get('owners', [])
        if len(owners_data) == 0:
            return None
        return owners_data[0].get('logo_image_url', None)

    def get_social_sharing_metadata(self, course, video_block):
        """
        Gather the information for the meta OpenGraph and Twitter-specific tags
        """
        video_description = f"Watch a video from the course {course.display_name} "
        if course.display_organization is not None:
            video_description += f"by {course.display_organization} "
        video_description += "on edX.org"
        video_poster = video_block._poster()  # pylint: disable=protected-access

        return {
            'video_title': video_block.display_name_with_default,
            'video_description': video_description,
            'video_thumbnail': video_poster if video_poster is not None else '',
            'video_embed_url': urljoin(
                settings.LMS_ROOT_URL,
                reverse('render_public_video_xblock_embed', kwargs={'usage_key_string': str(video_block.location)})
            ),
            'video_url': urljoin(
                settings.LMS_ROOT_URL,
                reverse('render_public_video_xblock', kwargs={'usage_key_string': str(video_block.location)})
            ),
        }

    def get_learn_more_button_url(self, course, catalog_course_data, utm_params):
        """
        If the marketing site is enabled and a course has a marketing page, use that URL.
        If not, point to the `about_course` view.
        Override all with the MKTG_URL_OVERRIDES setting.
        """
        base_url = catalog_course_data.get('marketing_url', None)
        if base_url is None:
            base_url = reverse('about_course', kwargs={'course_id': str(course.id)})
        return self.build_url(base_url, {}, utm_params)

    def get_public_video_cta_button_urls(self, course, catalog_course_data):
        """
        Get the links for the 'enroll' and 'learn more' buttons on the public video page
        """
        utm_params = self.get_utm_params()
        learn_more_url = self.get_learn_more_button_url(course, catalog_course_data, utm_params)
        enroll_url = self.build_url(
            reverse('register_user'),
            {
                'course_id': str(course.id),
                'enrollment_action': 'enroll',
                'email_opt_in': False,
            },
            utm_params
        )
        go_to_course_url = get_learning_mfe_home_url(course_key=course.id,
                                                     url_fragment='home')
        return learn_more_url, enroll_url, go_to_course_url

    def get_utm_params(self):
        """
        Helper function to pull all utm_ params from the request and return them as a dict
        """
        utm_params = {}
        for param, value in self.request.GET.items():
            if param.startswith("utm_"):
                utm_params[param] = value
        return utm_params

    def build_url(self, base_url, params, utm_params):
        """
        Helper function to combine a base URL, params, and utm params into a full URL
        """
        if not params and not utm_params:
            return base_url
        parsed_url = urlparse(base_url)
        full_params = {**params, **utm_params}
        return self._replace_url_query(parsed_url, full_params)

    def _replace_url_query(self, parsed_url, query):
        return urlunparse((
            parsed_url.scheme,
            parsed_url.netloc,
            parsed_url.path,
            parsed_url.params,
            urlencode(query) if query else '',
            parsed_url.fragment
        ))


@method_decorator(ensure_valid_usage_key, name='dispatch')
@method_decorator(xframe_options_exempt, name='dispatch')
@method_decorator(transaction.non_atomic_requests, name='dispatch')
class PublicVideoXBlockEmbedView(BasePublicVideoXBlockView):
    """ View for viewing public videos embedded within Twitter or other social media """
    def get_template_and_context(self, course, video_block):
        """ Render the embed view """
        fragment = video_block.render('public_view', context={
            'public_video_embed': True,
        })
        context = {
            'fragment': fragment,
            'course': course,
        }
        return 'public_video_share_embed.html', context


# Translators: "percent_sign" is the symbol "%". "platform_name" is a
# string identifying the name of this installation, such as "edX".
FINANCIAL_ASSISTANCE_HEADER = _(
    'We plan to use this information to evaluate your application for financial assistance and to further develop our '
    'financial assistance program. \nPlease note that while assistance is available in most courses that offer '
    'verified certificates, a few courses and programs are not eligible. You must complete a separate application '
    'for each course you take. You may be approved for financial assistance five (5) times each year '
    '(based on 12-month period from you first approval). \nTo apply for financial assistance: '
    '\n1. Enroll in the audit track for an eligible course that offers Verified Certificates. '
    '\n2. Complete this application. '
    '\n3. Check your email, please allow 4 weeks for your application to be processed.'
)


def _get_fa_header(header):
    return header.\
        format(percent_sign="%",
               platform_name=configuration_helpers.get_value('PLATFORM_NAME', settings.PLATFORM_NAME)).split('\n')


@login_required
def financial_assistance(request, course_id=None):
    """Render the initial financial assistance page."""
    reason = None
    apply_url = reverse('financial_assistance_form')
    if course_id and _use_new_financial_assistance_flow(course_id):
        _, reason = is_eligible_for_financial_aid(course_id)
        apply_url = reverse('financial_assistance_form_v2', args=[course_id])

    return render_to_response('financial-assistance/financial-assistance.html', {
        'header_text': _get_fa_header(FINANCIAL_ASSISTANCE_HEADER),
        'apply_url': apply_url,
        'reason': reason
    })


@login_required
@require_POST
def financial_assistance_request(request):
    """Submit a request for financial assistance to Zendesk."""
    try:
        data = json.loads(request.body.decode('utf8'))
        # Simple sanity check that the session belongs to the user
        # submitting an FA request
        username = data['username']
        if request.user.username != username:
            return HttpResponseForbidden()
        # Require email verification
        if request.user.is_active is not True:
            logging.warning('FA_v1: User %s tried to submit app without activating their account.', username)
            return HttpResponseForbidden('Please confirm your email before applying for financial assistance.')

        course_id = data['course']
        course = modulestore().get_course(CourseKey.from_string(course_id))
        legal_name = data['name']
        email = data['email']
        country = data['country']
        certify_economic_hardship = data['certify-economic-hardship']
        certify_complete_certificate = data['certify-complete-certificate']
        certify_honor_code = data['certify-honor-code']
        ip_address = get_client_ip(request)[0]
    except ValueError:
        # Thrown if JSON parsing fails
        return HttpResponseBadRequest('Could not parse request JSON.')
    except InvalidKeyError:
        # Thrown if course key parsing fails
        return HttpResponseBadRequest('Could not parse request course key.')
    except KeyError as err:
        # Thrown if fields are missing
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(f'The field {str(err)} is required.')

    zendesk_submitted = create_zendesk_ticket(
        legal_name,
        email,
        'Financial assistance request for learner {username} in course {course_name}'.format(
            username=username,
            course_name=course.display_name
        ),
        'Financial Assistance Request',
        custom_fields=[
            {
                'id': settings.ZENDESK_CUSTOM_FIELDS.get('course_id'),
                'value': course_id,
            },
        ],
        # Send the application as additional info on the ticket so
        # that it is not shown when support replies. This uses
        # OrderedDict so that information is presented in the right
        # order.
        additional_info=OrderedDict((
            ('Username', username),
            ('Full Name', legal_name),
            ('Course ID', course_id),
            ('Country', country),
            ('Paying for the course would cause economic hardship', 'Yes' if certify_economic_hardship else 'No'),
            ('Certify work diligently to receive a certificate', 'Yes' if certify_complete_certificate else 'No'),
            ('Certify abide by the honor code', 'Yes' if certify_honor_code else 'No'),
            ('Client IP', ip_address),
        )),
        group='Financial Assistance',
    )
    if not (zendesk_submitted == 200 or zendesk_submitted == 201):  # lint-amnesty, pylint: disable=consider-using-in
        # The call to Zendesk failed. The frontend will display a
        # message to the user.
        return HttpResponse(status=status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)

    return HttpResponse(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)


@login_required
@require_POST
def financial_assistance_request_v2(request):
    """
    Uses the new financial assistance application flow.
    Creates a post request to edx-financial-assistance backend.
    """
    try:
        data = json.loads(request.body.decode('utf8'))
        username = data['username']
        # Simple sanity check that the session belongs to the user
        # submitting an FA request
        if request.user.username != username:
            return HttpResponseForbidden()
        # Require email verification
        if request.user.is_active is not True:
            logging.warning('FA_v2: User %s tried to submit app without activating their account.', username)
            return HttpResponseForbidden('Please confirm your email before applying for financial assistance.')

        course_id = data['course']
        if course_id and course_id not in request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER'):
            return HttpResponseBadRequest('Invalid Course ID provided.')
        lms_user_id = request.user.id
        certify_economic_hardship = data['certify-economic-hardship']
        certify_complete_certificate = data['certify-complete-certificate']
        certify_honor_code = data['certify-honor-code']

    except ValueError:
        # Thrown if JSON parsing fails
        return HttpResponseBadRequest('Could not parse request JSON.')
    except KeyError as err:
        # Thrown if fields are missing
        return HttpResponseBadRequest(f'The field {str(err)} is required.')

    form_data = {
        'lms_user_id': lms_user_id,
        'course_id': course_id,
        'certify_economic_hardship': certify_economic_hardship,
        'certify_complete_certificate': certify_complete_certificate,
        'certify-honor-code': certify_honor_code,
    }
    return create_financial_assistance_application(form_data)


@login_required
def financial_assistance_form(request, course_id=None):
    """Render the financial assistance application form page."""
    user = request.user
    disabled = False
    if course_id:
        disabled = True
    enrolled_courses = get_financial_aid_courses(user, course_id)

    default_course = ''
    for enrolled_course in enrolled_courses:
        if enrolled_course['value'] == course_id:
            default_course = enrolled_course['name']
            break

    if course_id and _use_new_financial_assistance_flow(course_id):
        submit_url = 'submit_financial_assistance_request_v2'
    else:
        submit_url = 'submit_financial_assistance_request'

    return render_to_response('financial-assistance/apply.html', {
        'header_text': _get_fa_header(FINANCIAL_ASSISTANCE_HEADER),
        'course_id': course_id,
        'dashboard_url': reverse('dashboard'),
        'account_settings_url': settings.ACCOUNT_MICROFRONTEND_URL,
        'platform_name': configuration_helpers.get_value('PLATFORM_NAME', settings.PLATFORM_NAME),
        'user_details': {
            'email': user.email,
            'username': user.username,
            'name': user.profile.name,
            'country': str(user.profile.country.name),
        },
        'submit_url': reverse(submit_url),
        'fields': [
            {
                'name': 'course',
                'type': 'select',
                'label': _('Course'),
                'placeholder': '',
                'defaultValue': default_course,
                'required': True,
                'disabled': disabled,
                'options': enrolled_courses,
                'instructions': gettext(
                    'Select the course for which you want to earn a verified certificate. If'
                    ' the course does not appear in the list, make sure that you have enrolled'
                    ' in the audit track for the course.'
                )
            },
            {
                'name': 'certify-heading',
                'label': _('I certify that: '),
                'type': 'plaintext',
            },
            {
                'placeholder': '',
                'name': 'certify-economic-hardship',
                'label': _(
                    'Paying the verified certificate fee for the above course would cause me economic hardship'
                ),
                'defaultValue': '',
                'type': 'checkbox',
                'required': True,
                'instructions': '',
                'restrictions': {}
            },
            {
                'placeholder': '',
                'name': 'certify-complete-certificate',
                'label': _(
                    'I will work diligently to complete the course work and receive a certificate'
                ),
                'defaultValue': '',
                'type': 'checkbox',
                'required': True,
                'instructions': '',
                'restrictions': {}
            },
            {
                'placeholder': '',
                'name': 'certify-honor-code',
                'label': Text(_(
                    'I have read, understand, and will abide by the {honor_code_link} for the edX Site'
                )).format(honor_code_link=HTML('<a href="{honor_code_url}">{honor_code_label}</a>').format(
                    honor_code_label=_("Honor Code"),
                    honor_code_url=marketing_link('TOS') + "#honor",
                )),
                'defaultValue': '',
                'type': 'checkbox',
                'required': True,
                'instructions': '',
                'restrictions': {}
            }
        ],
    })


def get_financial_aid_courses(user, course_id=None):
    """ Retrieve the courses eligible for financial assistance. """
    use_new_flow = False
    financial_aid_courses = []
    for enrollment in CourseEnrollment.enrollments_for_user(user).order_by('-created'):

        if enrollment.mode != CourseMode.VERIFIED and \
                enrollment.course_overview and \
                enrollment.course_overview.eligible_for_financial_aid and \
                CourseMode.objects.filter(
                    Q(_expiration_datetime__isnull=True) | Q(_expiration_datetime__gt=datetime.now(UTC)),
                    course_id=enrollment.course_id,
                    mode_slug=CourseMode.VERIFIED).exists():
            # This is a workaround to set course_id before disabling the field in case of new financial assistance flow.
            if str(enrollment.course_overview) == course_id:
                financial_aid_courses = [{
                    'name': enrollment.course_overview.display_name,
                    'value': str(enrollment.course_id),
                    'default': True
                }]
                use_new_flow = True
                break

            financial_aid_courses.append(
                {
                    'name': enrollment.course_overview.display_name,
                    'value': str(enrollment.course_id)
                }
            )
    if course_id is not None and use_new_flow is False:
        # We don't want to show financial_aid_courses if the course_id is not found in the enrolled courses.
        return []
    return financial_aid_courses


def get_learner_username(learner_identifier):
    """ Return the username """
    learner = User.objects.filter(Q(username=learner_identifier) | Q(email=learner_identifier)).first()
    if learner:
        return learner.username


@api_view(['GET'])
def courseware_mfe_search_enabled(request, course_id=None):
    """
    Simple GET endpoint to expose whether the user may use Courseware Search
    for a given course.
    """
    course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id) if course_id else None
    user = request.user

    has_required_enrollment = False
    if settings.FEATURES.get('ENABLE_COURSEWARE_SEARCH_VERIFIED_ENROLLMENT_REQUIRED'):
        enrollment_mode, _ = CourseEnrollment.enrollment_mode_for_user(user, course_key)
        if (
            auth.user_has_role(user, CourseStaffRole(CourseKey.from_string(course_id)))
            or (enrollment_mode in CourseMode.VERIFIED_MODES)
        ):
            has_required_enrollment = True
    else:
        has_required_enrollment = True

    inclusion_date = settings.FEATURES.get('COURSEWARE_SEARCH_INCLUSION_DATE')
    start_date = CourseOverview.get_from_id(course_key).start
    has_valid_inclusion_date = False

    # only include courses that have a start date later than the setting-defined inclusion date, if setting exists
    if inclusion_date:
        has_valid_inclusion_date = start_date and start_date.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') > inclusion_date

    # if the user has the appropriate enrollment, the feature is enabled if the course has a valid start date
    # or if the feature is explicitly enabled via waffle flag.
    enabled = (has_valid_inclusion_date or courseware_mfe_search_is_enabled(course_key)) \
        if has_required_enrollment \
        else False

    payload = {"enabled": enabled}
    return JsonResponse(payload)


@api_view(['GET'])
def courseware_mfe_navigation_sidebar_toggles(request, course_id=None):
    """
    GET endpoint to return navigation sidebar toggles.
    """
    try:
        course_key = CourseKey.from_string(course_id) if course_id else None
    except InvalidKeyError:
        return JsonResponse({"error": "Invalid course_id"})

    return JsonResponse({
        "enable_navigation_sidebar": COURSEWARE_MICROFRONTEND_ENABLE_NAVIGATION_SIDEBAR.is_enabled(course_key),
        "always_open_auxiliary_sidebar": COURSEWARE_MICROFRONTEND_ALWAYS_OPEN_AUXILIARY_SIDEBAR.is_enabled(course_key),
    })