edx-platform/common/djangoapps/student/models.py

"""
Models for User Information (students, staff, etc)

Migration Notes

If you make changes to this model, be sure to create an appropriate migration
file and check it in at the same time as your model changes. To do that,

1. Go to the edx-platform dir
2. ./manage.py lms schemamigration student --auto description_of_your_change
3. Add the migration file created in edx-platform/common/djangoapps/student/migrations/
"""
from collections import defaultdict, OrderedDict
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from functools import total_ordering
import hashlib
from importlib import import_module
import json
import logging
from pytz import UTC
from urllib import urlencode
import uuid

import analytics

from config_models.models import ConfigurationModel
from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
from django.conf import settings
from django.utils import timezone
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.contrib.auth.hashers import make_password
from django.contrib.auth.signals import user_logged_in, user_logged_out
from django.db import models, IntegrityError, transaction
from django.db.models import Count
from django.db.models.signals import pre_save, post_save
from django.dispatch import receiver, Signal
from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
from django.utils.translation import ugettext_noop
from django.core.cache import cache
from django_countries.fields import CountryField
import dogstats_wrapper as dog_stats_api
from eventtracking import tracker
from model_utils.models import TimeStampedModel
from opaque_keys.edx.keys import CourseKey
from opaque_keys.edx.locations import SlashSeparatedCourseKey
from simple_history.models import HistoricalRecords
from track import contexts
from xmodule_django.models import CourseKeyField, NoneToEmptyManager

from lms.djangoapps.badges.utils import badges_enabled
from certificates.models import GeneratedCertificate
from course_modes.models import CourseMode
from enrollment.api import _default_course_mode
from microsite_configuration import microsite
import lms.lib.comment_client as cc
from openedx.core.djangoapps.commerce.utils import ecommerce_api_client, ECOMMERCE_DATE_FORMAT
from openedx.core.djangoapps.content.course_overviews.models import CourseOverview
from util.model_utils import emit_field_changed_events, get_changed_fields_dict
from util.query import use_read_replica_if_available
from util.milestones_helpers import is_entrance_exams_enabled


UNENROLL_DONE = Signal(providing_args=["course_enrollment", "skip_refund"])
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
AUDIT_LOG = logging.getLogger("audit")
SessionStore = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE).SessionStore  # pylint: disable=invalid-name

UNENROLLED_TO_ALLOWEDTOENROLL = 'from unenrolled to allowed to enroll'
ALLOWEDTOENROLL_TO_ENROLLED = 'from allowed to enroll to enrolled'
ENROLLED_TO_ENROLLED = 'from enrolled to enrolled'
ENROLLED_TO_UNENROLLED = 'from enrolled to unenrolled'
UNENROLLED_TO_ENROLLED = 'from unenrolled to enrolled'
ALLOWEDTOENROLL_TO_UNENROLLED = 'from allowed to enroll to enrolled'
UNENROLLED_TO_UNENROLLED = 'from unenrolled to unenrolled'
DEFAULT_TRANSITION_STATE = 'N/A'

TRANSITION_STATES = (
    (UNENROLLED_TO_ALLOWEDTOENROLL, UNENROLLED_TO_ALLOWEDTOENROLL),
    (ALLOWEDTOENROLL_TO_ENROLLED, ALLOWEDTOENROLL_TO_ENROLLED),
    (ENROLLED_TO_ENROLLED, ENROLLED_TO_ENROLLED),
    (ENROLLED_TO_UNENROLLED, ENROLLED_TO_UNENROLLED),
    (UNENROLLED_TO_ENROLLED, UNENROLLED_TO_ENROLLED),
    (ALLOWEDTOENROLL_TO_UNENROLLED, ALLOWEDTOENROLL_TO_UNENROLLED),
    (UNENROLLED_TO_UNENROLLED, UNENROLLED_TO_UNENROLLED),
    (DEFAULT_TRANSITION_STATE, DEFAULT_TRANSITION_STATE)
)


class AnonymousUserId(models.Model):
    """
    This table contains user, course_Id and anonymous_user_id

    Purpose of this table is to provide user by anonymous_user_id.

    We generate anonymous_user_id using md5 algorithm,
    and use result in hex form, so its length is equal to 32 bytes.
    """

    objects = NoneToEmptyManager()

    user = models.ForeignKey(User, db_index=True)
    anonymous_user_id = models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=32)
    course_id = CourseKeyField(db_index=True, max_length=255, blank=True)
    unique_together = (user, course_id)


def anonymous_id_for_user(user, course_id, save=True):
    """
    Return a unique id for a (user, course) pair, suitable for inserting
    into e.g. personalized survey links.

    If user is an `AnonymousUser`, returns `None`

    Keyword arguments:
    save -- Whether the id should be saved in an AnonymousUserId object.
    """
    # This part is for ability to get xblock instance in xblock_noauth handlers, where user is unauthenticated.
    if user.is_anonymous():
        return None

    cached_id = getattr(user, '_anonymous_id', {}).get(course_id)
    if cached_id is not None:
        return cached_id

    # include the secret key as a salt, and to make the ids unique across different LMS installs.
    hasher = hashlib.md5()
    hasher.update(settings.SECRET_KEY)
    hasher.update(unicode(user.id))
    if course_id:
        hasher.update(course_id.to_deprecated_string().encode('utf-8'))
    digest = hasher.hexdigest()

    if not hasattr(user, '_anonymous_id'):
        user._anonymous_id = {}  # pylint: disable=protected-access

    user._anonymous_id[course_id] = digest  # pylint: disable=protected-access

    if save is False:
        return digest

    try:
        anonymous_user_id, __ = AnonymousUserId.objects.get_or_create(
            defaults={'anonymous_user_id': digest},
            user=user,
            course_id=course_id
        )
        if anonymous_user_id.anonymous_user_id != digest:
            log.error(
                u"Stored anonymous user id %r for user %r "
                u"in course %r doesn't match computed id %r",
                user,
                course_id,
                anonymous_user_id.anonymous_user_id,
                digest
            )
    except IntegrityError:
        # Another thread has already created this entry, so
        # continue
        pass

    return digest


def user_by_anonymous_id(uid):
    """
    Return user by anonymous_user_id using AnonymousUserId lookup table.

    Do not raise `django.ObjectDoesNotExist` exception,
    if there is no user for anonymous_student_id,
    because this function will be used inside xmodule w/o django access.
    """

    if uid is None:
        return None

    try:
        return User.objects.get(anonymoususerid__anonymous_user_id=uid)
    except ObjectDoesNotExist:
        return None


class UserStanding(models.Model):
    """
    This table contains a student's account's status.
    Currently, we're only disabling accounts; in the future we can imagine
    taking away more specific privileges, like forums access, or adding
    more specific karma levels or probationary stages.
    """
    ACCOUNT_DISABLED = "disabled"
    ACCOUNT_ENABLED = "enabled"
    USER_STANDING_CHOICES = (
        (ACCOUNT_DISABLED, u"Account Disabled"),
        (ACCOUNT_ENABLED, u"Account Enabled"),
    )

    user = models.OneToOneField(User, db_index=True, related_name='standing')
    account_status = models.CharField(
        blank=True, max_length=31, choices=USER_STANDING_CHOICES
    )
    changed_by = models.ForeignKey(User, blank=True)
    standing_last_changed_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)


class UserProfile(models.Model):
    """This is where we store all the user demographic fields. We have a
    separate table for this rather than extending the built-in Django auth_user.

    Notes:
        * Some fields are legacy ones from the first run of 6.002, from which
          we imported many users.
        * Fields like name and address are intentionally open ended, to account
          for international variations. An unfortunate side-effect is that we
          cannot efficiently sort on last names for instance.

    Replication:
        * Only the Portal servers should ever modify this information.
        * All fields are replicated into relevant Course databases

    Some of the fields are legacy ones that were captured during the initial
    MITx fall prototype.
    """
    # cache key format e.g user.<user_id>.profile.country = 'SG'
    PROFILE_COUNTRY_CACHE_KEY = u"user.{user_id}.profile.country"

    class Meta(object):
        db_table = "auth_userprofile"

    # CRITICAL TODO/SECURITY
    # Sanitize all fields.
    # This is not visible to other users, but could introduce holes later
    user = models.OneToOneField(User, unique=True, db_index=True, related_name='profile')
    name = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255, db_index=True)

    meta = models.TextField(blank=True)  # JSON dictionary for future expansion
    courseware = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255, default='course.xml')

    # Location is no longer used, but is held here for backwards compatibility
    # for users imported from our first class.
    language = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255, db_index=True)
    location = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255, db_index=True)

    # Optional demographic data we started capturing from Fall 2012
    this_year = datetime.now(UTC).year
    VALID_YEARS = range(this_year, this_year - 120, -1)
    year_of_birth = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True, db_index=True)
    GENDER_CHOICES = (
        ('m', ugettext_noop('Male')),
        ('f', ugettext_noop('Female')),
        # Translators: 'Other' refers to the student's gender
        ('o', ugettext_noop('Other/Prefer Not to Say'))
    )
    gender = models.CharField(
        blank=True, null=True, max_length=6, db_index=True, choices=GENDER_CHOICES
    )

    # [03/21/2013] removed these, but leaving comment since there'll still be
    # p_se and p_oth in the existing data in db.
    # ('p_se', 'Doctorate in science or engineering'),
    # ('p_oth', 'Doctorate in another field'),
    LEVEL_OF_EDUCATION_CHOICES = (
        ('p', ugettext_noop('Doctorate')),
        ('m', ugettext_noop("Master's or professional degree")),
        ('b', ugettext_noop("Bachelor's degree")),
        ('a', ugettext_noop("Associate degree")),
        ('hs', ugettext_noop("Secondary/high school")),
        ('jhs', ugettext_noop("Junior secondary/junior high/middle school")),
        ('el', ugettext_noop("Elementary/primary school")),
        # Translators: 'None' refers to the student's level of education
        ('none', ugettext_noop("No Formal Education")),
        # Translators: 'Other' refers to the student's level of education
        ('other', ugettext_noop("Other Education"))
    )
    level_of_education = models.CharField(
        blank=True, null=True, max_length=6, db_index=True,
        choices=LEVEL_OF_EDUCATION_CHOICES
    )
    mailing_address = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)
    city = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)
    country = CountryField(blank=True, null=True)
    goals = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)
    allow_certificate = models.BooleanField(default=1)
    bio = models.CharField(blank=True, null=True, max_length=3000, db_index=False)
    profile_image_uploaded_at = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)

    @property
    def has_profile_image(self):
        """
        Convenience method that returns a boolean indicating whether or not
        this user has uploaded a profile image.
        """
        return self.profile_image_uploaded_at is not None

    @property
    def age(self):
        """ Convenience method that returns the age given a year_of_birth. """
        year_of_birth = self.year_of_birth
        year = datetime.now(UTC).year
        if year_of_birth is not None:
            return self._calculate_age(year, year_of_birth)

    @property
    def level_of_education_display(self):
        """ Convenience method that returns the human readable level of education. """
        if self.level_of_education:
            return self.__enumerable_to_display(self.LEVEL_OF_EDUCATION_CHOICES, self.level_of_education)

    @property
    def gender_display(self):
        """ Convenience method that returns the human readable gender. """
        if self.gender:
            return self.__enumerable_to_display(self.GENDER_CHOICES, self.gender)

    def get_meta(self):  # pylint: disable=missing-docstring
        js_str = self.meta
        if not js_str:
            js_str = dict()
        else:
            js_str = json.loads(self.meta)

        return js_str

    def set_meta(self, meta_json):  # pylint: disable=missing-docstring
        self.meta = json.dumps(meta_json)

    def set_login_session(self, session_id=None):
        """
        Sets the current session id for the logged-in user.
        If session_id doesn't match the existing session,
        deletes the old session object.
        """
        meta = self.get_meta()
        old_login = meta.get('session_id', None)
        if old_login:
            SessionStore(session_key=old_login).delete()
        meta['session_id'] = session_id
        self.set_meta(meta)
        self.save()

    def requires_parental_consent(self, date=None, age_limit=None, default_requires_consent=True):
        """Returns true if this user requires parental consent.

        Args:
            date (Date): The date for which consent needs to be tested (defaults to now).
            age_limit (int): The age limit at which parental consent is no longer required.
                This defaults to the value of the setting 'PARENTAL_CONTROL_AGE_LIMIT'.
            default_requires_consent (bool): True if users require parental consent if they
                have no specified year of birth (default is True).

        Returns:
             True if the user requires parental consent.
        """
        if age_limit is None:
            age_limit = getattr(settings, 'PARENTAL_CONSENT_AGE_LIMIT', None)
            if age_limit is None:
                return False

        # Return True if either:
        # a) The user has a year of birth specified and that year is fewer years in the past than the limit.
        # b) The user has no year of birth specified and the default is to require consent.
        #
        # Note: we have to be conservative using the user's year of birth as their birth date could be
        # December 31st. This means that if the number of years since their birth year is exactly equal
        # to the age limit then we have to assume that they might still not be old enough.
        year_of_birth = self.year_of_birth
        if year_of_birth is None:
            return default_requires_consent

        if date is None:
            age = self.age
        else:
            age = self._calculate_age(date.year, year_of_birth)

        return age < age_limit

    def __enumerable_to_display(self, enumerables, enum_value):
        """ Get the human readable value from an enumerable list of key-value pairs. """
        return dict(enumerables)[enum_value]

    def _calculate_age(self, year, year_of_birth):
        """Calculate the youngest age for a user with a given year of birth.

        :param year: year
        :param year_of_birth: year of birth
        :return: youngest age a user could be for the given year
        """
        # There are legal implications regarding how we can contact users and what information we can make public
        # based on their age, so we must take the most conservative estimate.
        return year - year_of_birth - 1

    @classmethod
    def country_cache_key_name(cls, user_id):
        """Return cache key name to be used to cache current country.
        Args:
            user_id(int): Id of user.

        Returns:
            Unicode cache key
        """
        return cls.PROFILE_COUNTRY_CACHE_KEY.format(user_id=user_id)


@receiver(models.signals.post_save, sender=UserProfile)
def invalidate_user_profile_country_cache(sender, instance, **kwargs):  # pylint:   disable=unused-argument, invalid-name
    """Invalidate the cache of country in UserProfile model. """

    changed_fields = getattr(instance, '_changed_fields', {})

    if 'country' in changed_fields:
        cache_key = UserProfile.country_cache_key_name(instance.user_id)
        cache.delete(cache_key)
        log.info("Country changed in UserProfile for %s, cache deleted", instance.user_id)


@receiver(pre_save, sender=UserProfile)
def user_profile_pre_save_callback(sender, **kwargs):
    """
    Ensure consistency of a user profile before saving it.
    """
    user_profile = kwargs['instance']

    # Remove profile images for users who require parental consent
    if user_profile.requires_parental_consent() and user_profile.has_profile_image:
        user_profile.profile_image_uploaded_at = None

    # Cache "old" field values on the model instance so that they can be
    # retrieved in the post_save callback when we emit an event with new and
    # old field values.
    user_profile._changed_fields = get_changed_fields_dict(user_profile, sender)


@receiver(post_save, sender=UserProfile)
def user_profile_post_save_callback(sender, **kwargs):
    """
    Emit analytics events after saving the UserProfile.
    """
    user_profile = kwargs['instance']
    # pylint: disable=protected-access
    emit_field_changed_events(
        user_profile,
        user_profile.user,
        sender._meta.db_table,
        excluded_fields=['meta']
    )


@receiver(pre_save, sender=User)
def user_pre_save_callback(sender, **kwargs):
    """
    Capture old fields on the user instance before save and cache them as a
    private field on the current model for use in the post_save callback.
    """
    user = kwargs['instance']
    user._changed_fields = get_changed_fields_dict(user, sender)


@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
def user_post_save_callback(sender, **kwargs):
    """
    Emit analytics events after saving the User.
    """
    user = kwargs['instance']
    # pylint: disable=protected-access
    emit_field_changed_events(
        user,
        user,
        sender._meta.db_table,
        excluded_fields=['last_login', 'first_name', 'last_name'],
        hidden_fields=['password']
    )


class UserSignupSource(models.Model):
    """
    This table contains information about users registering
    via Micro-Sites
    """
    user = models.ForeignKey(User, db_index=True)
    site = models.CharField(max_length=255, db_index=True)


def unique_id_for_user(user, save=True):
    """
    Return a unique id for a user, suitable for inserting into
    e.g. personalized survey links.

    Keyword arguments:
    save -- Whether the id should be saved in an AnonymousUserId object.
    """
    # Setting course_id to '' makes it not affect the generated hash,
    # and thus produce the old per-student anonymous id
    return anonymous_id_for_user(user, None, save=save)


# TODO: Should be renamed to generic UserGroup, and possibly
# Given an optional field for type of group
class UserTestGroup(models.Model):
    users = models.ManyToManyField(User, db_index=True)
    name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=32, db_index=True)
    description = models.TextField(blank=True)


class Registration(models.Model):
    ''' Allows us to wait for e-mail before user is registered. A
        registration profile is created when the user creates an
        account, but that account is inactive. Once the user clicks
        on the activation key, it becomes active. '''

    class Meta(object):
        db_table = "auth_registration"

    user = models.OneToOneField(User)
    activation_key = models.CharField(('activation key'), max_length=32, unique=True, db_index=True)

    def register(self, user):
        # MINOR TODO: Switch to crypto-secure key
        self.activation_key = uuid.uuid4().hex
        self.user = user
        self.save()

    def activate(self):
        self.user.is_active = True
        self._track_activation()
        self.user.save()

    def _track_activation(self):
        """ Update the isActive flag in mailchimp for activated users."""
        has_segment_key = getattr(settings, 'LMS_SEGMENT_KEY', None)
        has_mailchimp_id = hasattr(settings, 'MAILCHIMP_NEW_USER_LIST_ID')
        if has_segment_key and has_mailchimp_id:
            identity_args = [
                self.user.id,  # pylint: disable=no-member
                {
                    'email': self.user.email,
                    'username': self.user.username,
                    'activated': 1,
                },
                {
                    "MailChimp": {
                        "listId": settings.MAILCHIMP_NEW_USER_LIST_ID
                    }
                }
            ]
            analytics.identify(*identity_args)


class PendingNameChange(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(User, unique=True, db_index=True)
    new_name = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255)
    rationale = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=1024)


class PendingEmailChange(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(User, unique=True, db_index=True)
    new_email = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255, db_index=True)
    activation_key = models.CharField(('activation key'), max_length=32, unique=True, db_index=True)

    def request_change(self, email):
        """Request a change to a user's email.

        Implicitly saves the pending email change record.

        Arguments:
            email (unicode): The proposed new email for the user.

        Returns:
            unicode: The activation code to confirm the change.

        """
        self.new_email = email
        self.activation_key = uuid.uuid4().hex
        self.save()
        return self.activation_key


EVENT_NAME_ENROLLMENT_ACTIVATED = 'edx.course.enrollment.activated'
EVENT_NAME_ENROLLMENT_DEACTIVATED = 'edx.course.enrollment.deactivated'
EVENT_NAME_ENROLLMENT_MODE_CHANGED = 'edx.course.enrollment.mode_changed'


class PasswordHistory(models.Model):
    """
    This model will keep track of past passwords that a user has used
    as well as providing contraints (e.g. can't reuse passwords)
    """
    user = models.ForeignKey(User)
    password = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    time_set = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now)

    def create(self, user):
        """
        This will copy over the current password, if any of the configuration has been turned on
        """

        if not (PasswordHistory.is_student_password_reuse_restricted() or
                PasswordHistory.is_staff_password_reuse_restricted() or
                PasswordHistory.is_password_reset_frequency_restricted() or
                PasswordHistory.is_staff_forced_password_reset_enabled() or
                PasswordHistory.is_student_forced_password_reset_enabled()):

            return

        self.user = user
        self.password = user.password
        self.save()

    @classmethod
    def is_student_password_reuse_restricted(cls):
        """
        Returns whether the configuration which limits password reuse has been turned on
        """
        if not settings.FEATURES['ADVANCED_SECURITY']:
            return False
        min_diff_pw = settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG.get(
            'MIN_DIFFERENT_STUDENT_PASSWORDS_BEFORE_REUSE', 0
        )
        return min_diff_pw > 0

    @classmethod
    def is_staff_password_reuse_restricted(cls):
        """
        Returns whether the configuration which limits password reuse has been turned on
        """
        if not settings.FEATURES['ADVANCED_SECURITY']:
            return False
        min_diff_pw = settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG.get(
            'MIN_DIFFERENT_STAFF_PASSWORDS_BEFORE_REUSE', 0
        )
        return min_diff_pw > 0

    @classmethod
    def is_password_reset_frequency_restricted(cls):
        """
        Returns whether the configuration which limits the password reset frequency has been turned on
        """
        if not settings.FEATURES['ADVANCED_SECURITY']:
            return False
        min_days_between_reset = settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG.get(
            'MIN_TIME_IN_DAYS_BETWEEN_ALLOWED_RESETS'
        )
        return min_days_between_reset

    @classmethod
    def is_staff_forced_password_reset_enabled(cls):
        """
        Returns whether the configuration which forces password resets to occur has been turned on
        """
        if not settings.FEATURES['ADVANCED_SECURITY']:
            return False
        min_days_between_reset = settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG.get(
            'MIN_DAYS_FOR_STAFF_ACCOUNTS_PASSWORD_RESETS'
        )
        return min_days_between_reset

    @classmethod
    def is_student_forced_password_reset_enabled(cls):
        """
        Returns whether the configuration which forces password resets to occur has been turned on
        """
        if not settings.FEATURES['ADVANCED_SECURITY']:
            return False
        min_days_pw_reset = settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG.get(
            'MIN_DAYS_FOR_STUDENT_ACCOUNTS_PASSWORD_RESETS'
        )
        return min_days_pw_reset

    @classmethod
    def should_user_reset_password_now(cls, user):
        """
        Returns whether a password has 'expired' and should be reset. Note there are two different
        expiry policies for staff and students
        """
        if not settings.FEATURES['ADVANCED_SECURITY']:
            return False

        days_before_password_reset = None
        if user.is_staff:
            if cls.is_staff_forced_password_reset_enabled():
                days_before_password_reset = \
                    settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG['MIN_DAYS_FOR_STAFF_ACCOUNTS_PASSWORD_RESETS']
        elif cls.is_student_forced_password_reset_enabled():
            days_before_password_reset = \
                settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG['MIN_DAYS_FOR_STUDENT_ACCOUNTS_PASSWORD_RESETS']

        if days_before_password_reset:
            history = PasswordHistory.objects.filter(user=user).order_by('-time_set')
            time_last_reset = None

            if history:
                # first element should be the last time we reset password
                time_last_reset = history[0].time_set
            else:
                # no history, then let's take the date the user joined
                time_last_reset = user.date_joined

            now = timezone.now()

            delta = now - time_last_reset

            return delta.days >= days_before_password_reset

        return False

    @classmethod
    def is_password_reset_too_soon(cls, user):
        """
        Verifies that the password is not getting reset too frequently
        """
        if not cls.is_password_reset_frequency_restricted():
            return False

        history = PasswordHistory.objects.filter(user=user).order_by('-time_set')

        if not history:
            return False

        now = timezone.now()

        delta = now - history[0].time_set

        return delta.days < settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG['MIN_TIME_IN_DAYS_BETWEEN_ALLOWED_RESETS']

    @classmethod
    def is_allowable_password_reuse(cls, user, new_password):
        """
        Verifies that the password adheres to the reuse policies
        """
        if not settings.FEATURES['ADVANCED_SECURITY']:
            return True

        if user.is_staff and cls.is_staff_password_reuse_restricted():
            min_diff_passwords_required = \
                settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG['MIN_DIFFERENT_STAFF_PASSWORDS_BEFORE_REUSE']
        elif cls.is_student_password_reuse_restricted():
            min_diff_passwords_required = \
                settings.ADVANCED_SECURITY_CONFIG['MIN_DIFFERENT_STUDENT_PASSWORDS_BEFORE_REUSE']
        else:
            min_diff_passwords_required = 0

        # just limit the result set to the number of different
        # password we need
        history = PasswordHistory.objects.filter(user=user).order_by('-time_set')[:min_diff_passwords_required]

        for entry in history:

            # be sure to re-use the same salt
            # NOTE, how the salt is serialized in the password field is dependent on the algorithm
            # in pbkdf2_sha256 [LMS] it's the 3rd element, in sha1 [unit tests] it's the 2nd element
            hash_elements = entry.password.split('$')
            algorithm = hash_elements[0]
            if algorithm == 'pbkdf2_sha256':
                hashed_password = make_password(new_password, hash_elements[2])
            elif algorithm == 'sha1':
                hashed_password = make_password(new_password, hash_elements[1])
            else:
                # This means we got something unexpected. We don't want to throw an exception, but
                # log as an error and basically allow any password reuse
                AUDIT_LOG.error('''
                                Unknown password hashing algorithm "{0}" found in existing password
                                hash, password reuse policy will not be enforced!!!
                                '''.format(algorithm))
                return True

            if entry.password == hashed_password:
                return False

        return True


class LoginFailures(models.Model):
    """
    This model will keep track of failed login attempts
    """
    user = models.ForeignKey(User)
    failure_count = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    lockout_until = models.DateTimeField(null=True)

    @classmethod
    def _get_record_for_user(cls, user):
        """
        Gets a user's record, and fixes any duplicates that may have arisen due to get_or_create
        race conditions. See https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/13906 for details.

        Use this method in place of `LoginFailures.objects.get(user=user)`
        """
        records = LoginFailures.objects.filter(user=user).order_by('-lockout_until')
        for extra_record in records[1:]:
            extra_record.delete()
        return records.get()

    @classmethod
    def is_feature_enabled(cls):
        """
        Returns whether the feature flag around this functionality has been set
        """
        return settings.FEATURES['ENABLE_MAX_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS']

    @classmethod
    def is_user_locked_out(cls, user):
        """
        Static method to return in a given user has his/her account locked out
        """
        try:
            record = cls._get_record_for_user(user)
            if not record.lockout_until:
                return False

            now = datetime.now(UTC)
            until = record.lockout_until
            is_locked_out = until and now < until

            return is_locked_out
        except ObjectDoesNotExist:
            return False

    @classmethod
    def increment_lockout_counter(cls, user):
        """
        Ticks the failed attempt counter
        """
        record, _ = LoginFailures.objects.get_or_create(user=user)
        record.failure_count = record.failure_count + 1
        max_failures_allowed = settings.MAX_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS_ALLOWED

        # did we go over the limit in attempts
        if record.failure_count >= max_failures_allowed:
            # yes, then store when this account is locked out until
            lockout_period_secs = settings.MAX_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS_LOCKOUT_PERIOD_SECS
            record.lockout_until = datetime.now(UTC) + timedelta(seconds=lockout_period_secs)

        record.save()

    @classmethod
    def clear_lockout_counter(cls, user):
        """
        Removes the lockout counters (normally called after a successful login)
        """
        try:
            entry = cls._get_record_for_user(user)
            entry.delete()
        except ObjectDoesNotExist:
            return


class CourseEnrollmentException(Exception):
    pass


class NonExistentCourseError(CourseEnrollmentException):
    pass


class EnrollmentClosedError(CourseEnrollmentException):
    pass


class CourseFullError(CourseEnrollmentException):
    pass


class AlreadyEnrolledError(CourseEnrollmentException):
    pass


class CourseEnrollmentManager(models.Manager):
    """
    Custom manager for CourseEnrollment with Table-level filter methods.
    """

    def num_enrolled_in(self, course_id):
        """
        Returns the count of active enrollments in a course.

        'course_id' is the course_id to return enrollments
        """

        enrollment_number = super(CourseEnrollmentManager, self).get_queryset().filter(
            course_id=course_id,
            is_active=1
        ).count()

        return enrollment_number

    def num_enrolled_in_exclude_admins(self, course_id):
        """
        Returns the count of active enrollments in a course excluding instructors, staff and CCX coaches.

        Arguments:
            course_id (CourseLocator): course_id to return enrollments (count).

        Returns:
            int: Count of enrollments excluding staff, instructors and CCX coaches.

        """
        # To avoid circular imports.
        from student.roles import CourseCcxCoachRole, CourseInstructorRole, CourseStaffRole
        course_locator = course_id

        if getattr(course_id, 'ccx', None):
            course_locator = course_id.to_course_locator()

        staff = CourseStaffRole(course_locator).users_with_role()
        admins = CourseInstructorRole(course_locator).users_with_role()
        coaches = CourseCcxCoachRole(course_locator).users_with_role()

        return super(CourseEnrollmentManager, self).get_queryset().filter(
            course_id=course_id,
            is_active=1,
        ).exclude(user__in=staff).exclude(user__in=admins).exclude(user__in=coaches).count()

    def is_course_full(self, course):
        """
        Returns a boolean value regarding whether a course has already reached it's max enrollment
        capacity
        """
        is_course_full = False
        if course.max_student_enrollments_allowed is not None:
            is_course_full = self.num_enrolled_in_exclude_admins(course.id) >= course.max_student_enrollments_allowed

        return is_course_full

    def users_enrolled_in(self, course_id):
        """Return a queryset of User for every user enrolled in the course."""
        return User.objects.filter(
            courseenrollment__course_id=course_id,
            courseenrollment__is_active=True
        )

    def enrollment_counts(self, course_id):
        """
        Returns a dictionary that stores the total enrollment count for a course, as well as the
        enrollment count for each individual mode.
        """
        # Unfortunately, Django's "group by"-style queries look super-awkward
        query = use_read_replica_if_available(
            super(CourseEnrollmentManager, self).get_queryset().filter(course_id=course_id, is_active=True).values(
                'mode').order_by().annotate(Count('mode')))
        total = 0
        enroll_dict = defaultdict(int)
        for item in query:
            enroll_dict[item['mode']] = item['mode__count']
            total += item['mode__count']
        enroll_dict['total'] = total
        return enroll_dict

    def enrolled_and_dropped_out_users(self, course_id):
        """Return a queryset of Users in the course."""
        return User.objects.filter(
            courseenrollment__course_id=course_id
        )


class CourseEnrollment(models.Model):
    """
    Represents a Student's Enrollment record for a single Course. You should
    generally not manipulate CourseEnrollment objects directly, but use the
    classmethods provided to enroll, unenroll, or check on the enrollment status
    of a given student.

    We're starting to consolidate course enrollment logic in this class, but
    more should be brought in (such as checking against CourseEnrollmentAllowed,
    checking course dates, user permissions, etc.) This logic is currently
    scattered across our views.
    """
    MODEL_TAGS = ['course_id', 'is_active', 'mode']

    user = models.ForeignKey(User)
    course_id = CourseKeyField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True, db_index=True)

    # If is_active is False, then the student is not considered to be enrolled
    # in the course (is_enrolled() will return False)
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)

    # Represents the modes that are possible. We'll update this later with a
    # list of possible values.
    mode = models.CharField(default=CourseMode.DEFAULT_MODE_SLUG, max_length=100)

    objects = CourseEnrollmentManager()

    # Maintain a history of requirement status updates for auditing purposes
    history = HistoricalRecords()

    # cache key format e.g enrollment.<username>.<course_key>.mode = 'honor'
    COURSE_ENROLLMENT_CACHE_KEY = u"enrollment.{}.{}.mode"

    class Meta(object):
        unique_together = (('user', 'course_id'),)
        ordering = ('user', 'course_id')

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(CourseEnrollment, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # Private variable for storing course_overview to minimize calls to the database.
        # When the property .course_overview is accessed for the first time, this variable will be set.
        self._course_overview = None

    def __unicode__(self):
        return (
            "[CourseEnrollment] {}: {} ({}); active: ({})"
        ).format(self.user, self.course_id, self.created, self.is_active)

    @classmethod
    @transaction.atomic
    def get_or_create_enrollment(cls, user, course_key):
        """
        Create an enrollment for a user in a class. By default *this enrollment
        is not active*. This is useful for when an enrollment needs to go
        through some sort of approval process before being activated. If you
        don't need this functionality, just call `enroll()` instead.

        Returns a CoursewareEnrollment object.

        `user` is a Django User object. If it hasn't been saved yet (no `.id`
               attribute), this method will automatically save it before
               adding an enrollment for it.

        `course_id` is our usual course_id string (e.g. "edX/Test101/2013_Fall)

        It is expected that this method is called from a method which has already
        verified the user authentication and access.
        """
        # If we're passing in a newly constructed (i.e. not yet persisted) User,
        # save it to the database so that it can have an ID that we can throw
        # into our CourseEnrollment object. Otherwise, we'll get an
        # IntegrityError for having a null user_id.
        assert isinstance(course_key, CourseKey)

        if user.id is None:
            user.save()

        enrollment, created = cls.objects.get_or_create(
            user=user,
            course_id=course_key,
        )

        # If we *did* just create a new enrollment, set some defaults
        if created:
            enrollment.mode = CourseMode.DEFAULT_MODE_SLUG
            enrollment.is_active = False
            enrollment.save()

        return enrollment

    @classmethod
    def get_enrollment(cls, user, course_key):
        """Returns a CoursewareEnrollment object.

        Args:
            user (User): The user associated with the enrollment.
            course_id (CourseKey): The key of the course associated with the enrollment.

        Returns:
            Course enrollment object or None
        """
        try:
            return cls.objects.get(
                user=user,
                course_id=course_key
            )
        except cls.DoesNotExist:
            return None

    @classmethod
    def is_enrollment_closed(cls, user, course):
        """
        Returns a boolean value regarding whether the user has access to enroll in the course. Returns False if the
        enrollment has been closed.
        """
        # Disable the pylint error here, as per ormsbee. This local import was previously
        # in CourseEnrollment.enroll
        from courseware.access import has_access  # pylint: disable=import-error
        return not has_access(user, 'enroll', course)

    def update_enrollment(self, mode=None, is_active=None, skip_refund=False):
        """
        Updates an enrollment for a user in a class.  This includes options
        like changing the mode, toggling is_active True/False, etc.

        Also emits relevant events for analytics purposes.

        This saves immediately.

        """
        activation_changed = False
        # if is_active is None, then the call to update_enrollment didn't specify
        # any value, so just leave is_active as it is
        if self.is_active != is_active and is_active is not None:
            self.is_active = is_active
            activation_changed = True

        mode_changed = False
        # if mode is None, the call to update_enrollment didn't specify a new
        # mode, so leave as-is
        if self.mode != mode and mode is not None:
            self.mode = mode
            mode_changed = True

        if activation_changed or mode_changed:
            self.save()

        if activation_changed:
            if self.is_active:
                self.emit_event(EVENT_NAME_ENROLLMENT_ACTIVATED)

                dog_stats_api.increment(
                    "common.student.enrollment",
                    tags=[u"org:{}".format(self.course_id.org),
                          u"offering:{}".format(self.course_id.offering),
                          u"mode:{}".format(self.mode)]
                )

            else:
                UNENROLL_DONE.send(sender=None, course_enrollment=self, skip_refund=skip_refund)

                self.emit_event(EVENT_NAME_ENROLLMENT_DEACTIVATED)

                dog_stats_api.increment(
                    "common.student.unenrollment",
                    tags=[u"org:{}".format(self.course_id.org),
                          u"offering:{}".format(self.course_id.offering),
                          u"mode:{}".format(self.mode)]
                )
        if mode_changed:
            # Only emit mode change events when the user's enrollment
            # mode has changed from its previous setting
            self.emit_event(EVENT_NAME_ENROLLMENT_MODE_CHANGED)

    def emit_event(self, event_name):
        """
        Emits an event to explicitly track course enrollment and unenrollment.
        """

        try:
            context = contexts.course_context_from_course_id(self.course_id)
            assert isinstance(self.course_id, CourseKey)
            data = {
                'user_id': self.user.id,
                'course_id': self.course_id.to_deprecated_string(),
                'mode': self.mode,
            }

            with tracker.get_tracker().context(event_name, context):
                tracker.emit(event_name, data)

                if hasattr(settings, 'LMS_SEGMENT_KEY') and settings.LMS_SEGMENT_KEY:
                    tracking_context = tracker.get_tracker().resolve_context()
                    analytics.track(self.user_id, event_name, {
                        'category': 'conversion',
                        'label': self.course_id.to_deprecated_string(),
                        'org': self.course_id.org,
                        'course': self.course_id.course,
                        'run': self.course_id.run,
                        'mode': self.mode,
                    }, context={
                        'ip': tracking_context.get('ip'),
                        'Google Analytics': {
                            'clientId': tracking_context.get('client_id')
                        }
                    })

        except:  # pylint: disable=bare-except
            if event_name and self.course_id:
                log.exception(
                    u'Unable to emit event %s for user %s and course %s',
                    event_name,
                    self.user.username,
                    self.course_id,
                )

    @classmethod
    def enroll(cls, user, course_key, mode=None, check_access=False):
        """
        Enroll a user in a course. This saves immediately.

        Returns a CoursewareEnrollment object.

        `user` is a Django User object. If it hasn't been saved yet (no `.id`
               attribute), this method will automatically save it before
               adding an enrollment for it.

        `course_key` is our usual course_id string (e.g. "edX/Test101/2013_Fall)

        `mode` is a string specifying what kind of enrollment this is. The
               default is the default course mode, 'audit'. Other options
               include 'professional', 'verified', 'honor',
               'no-id-professional' and 'credit'.
               See CourseMode in common/djangoapps/course_modes/models.py.

        `check_access`: if True, we check that an accessible course actually
                exists for the given course_key before we enroll the student.
                The default is set to False to avoid breaking legacy code or
                code with non-standard flows (ex. beta tester invitations), but
                for any standard enrollment flow you probably want this to be True.

        Exceptions that can be raised: NonExistentCourseError,
        EnrollmentClosedError, CourseFullError, AlreadyEnrolledError.  All these
        are subclasses of CourseEnrollmentException if you want to catch all of
        them in the same way.

        It is expected that this method is called from a method which has already
        verified the user authentication.

        Also emits relevant events for analytics purposes.
        """
        if mode is None:
            mode = _default_course_mode(unicode(course_key))
        # All the server-side checks for whether a user is allowed to enroll.
        try:
            course = CourseOverview.get_from_id(course_key)
        except CourseOverview.DoesNotExist:
            # This is here to preserve legacy behavior which allowed enrollment in courses
            # announced before the start of content creation.
            if check_access:
                log.warning(u"User %s failed to enroll in non-existent course %s", user.username, unicode(course_key))
                raise NonExistentCourseError

        if check_access:
            if cls.is_enrollment_closed(user, course):
                log.warning(
                    u"User %s failed to enroll in course %s because enrollment is closed",
                    user.username,
                    course_key.to_deprecated_string()
                )
                raise EnrollmentClosedError

            if cls.objects.is_course_full(course):
                log.warning(
                    u"Course %s has reached its maximum enrollment of %d learners. User %s failed to enroll.",
                    course_key.to_deprecated_string(),
                    course.max_student_enrollments_allowed,
                    user.username,
                )
                raise CourseFullError
        if cls.is_enrolled(user, course_key):
            log.warning(
                u"User %s attempted to enroll in %s, but they were already enrolled",
                user.username,
                course_key.to_deprecated_string()
            )
            if check_access:
                raise AlreadyEnrolledError

        # User is allowed to enroll if they've reached this point.
        enrollment = cls.get_or_create_enrollment(user, course_key)
        enrollment.update_enrollment(is_active=True, mode=mode)
        if badges_enabled():
            from lms.djangoapps.badges.events.course_meta import award_enrollment_badge
            award_enrollment_badge(user)

        return enrollment

    @classmethod
    def enroll_by_email(cls, email, course_id, mode=None, ignore_errors=True):
        """
        Enroll a user in a course given their email. This saves immediately.

        Note that  enrolling by email is generally done in big batches and the
        error rate is high. For that reason, we supress User lookup errors by
        default.

        Returns a CoursewareEnrollment object. If the User does not exist and
        `ignore_errors` is set to `True`, it will return None.

        `email` Email address of the User to add to enroll in the course.

        `course_id` is our usual course_id string (e.g. "edX/Test101/2013_Fall)

        `mode` is a string specifying what kind of enrollment this is. The
               default is the default course mode, 'audit'. Other options
               include 'professional', 'verified', 'honor',
               'no-id-professional' and 'credit'.
               See CourseMode in common/djangoapps/course_modes/models.py.

        `ignore_errors` is a boolean indicating whether we should suppress
                        `User.DoesNotExist` errors (returning None) or let it
                        bubble up.

        It is expected that this method is called from a method which has already
        verified the user authentication and access.
        """
        try:
            user = User.objects.get(email=email)
            return cls.enroll(user, course_id, mode)
        except User.DoesNotExist:
            err_msg = u"Tried to enroll email {} into course {}, but user not found"
            log.error(err_msg.format(email, course_id))
            if ignore_errors:
                return None
            raise

    @classmethod
    def unenroll(cls, user, course_id, skip_refund=False):
        """
        Remove the user from a given course. If the relevant `CourseEnrollment`
        object doesn't exist, we log an error but don't throw an exception.

        `user` is a Django User object. If it hasn't been saved yet (no `.id`
               attribute), this method will automatically save it before
               adding an enrollment for it.

        `course_id` is our usual course_id string (e.g. "edX/Test101/2013_Fall)

        `skip_refund` can be set to True to avoid the refund process.
        """
        try:
            record = cls.objects.get(user=user, course_id=course_id)
            record.update_enrollment(is_active=False, skip_refund=skip_refund)

        except cls.DoesNotExist:
            log.error(
                u"Tried to unenroll student %s from %s but they were not enrolled",
                user,
                course_id
            )

    @classmethod
    def unenroll_by_email(cls, email, course_id):
        """
        Unenroll a user from a course given their email. This saves immediately.
        User lookup errors are logged but will not throw an exception.

        `email` Email address of the User to unenroll from the course.

        `course_id` is our usual course_id string (e.g. "edX/Test101/2013_Fall)
        """
        try:
            user = User.objects.get(email=email)
            return cls.unenroll(user, course_id)
        except User.DoesNotExist:
            log.error(
                u"Tried to unenroll email %s from course %s, but user not found",
                email,
                course_id
            )

    @classmethod
    def is_enrolled(cls, user, course_key):
        """
        Returns True if the user is enrolled in the course (the entry must exist
        and it must have `is_active=True`). Otherwise, returns False.

        `user` is a Django User object. If it hasn't been saved yet (no `.id`
               attribute), this method will automatically save it before
               adding an enrollment for it.

        `course_id` is our usual course_id string (e.g. "edX/Test101/2013_Fall)
        """
        if not user.is_authenticated():
            return False

        try:
            record = cls.objects.get(user=user, course_id=course_key)
            return record.is_active
        except cls.DoesNotExist:
            return False

    @classmethod
    def is_enrolled_by_partial(cls, user, course_id_partial):
        """
        Returns `True` if the user is enrolled in a course that starts with
        `course_id_partial`. Otherwise, returns False.

        Can be used to determine whether a student is enrolled in a course
        whose run name is unknown.

        `user` is a Django User object. If it hasn't been saved yet (no `.id`
               attribute), this method will automatically save it before
               adding an enrollment for it.

        `course_id_partial` (CourseKey) is missing the run component
        """
        assert isinstance(course_id_partial, CourseKey)
        assert not course_id_partial.run  # None or empty string
        course_key = SlashSeparatedCourseKey(course_id_partial.org, course_id_partial.course, '')
        querystring = unicode(course_key.to_deprecated_string())
        try:
            return cls.objects.filter(
                user=user,
                course_id__startswith=querystring,
                is_active=1
            ).exists()
        except cls.DoesNotExist:
            return False

    @classmethod
    def enrollment_mode_for_user(cls, user, course_id):
        """
        Returns the enrollment mode for the given user for the given course

        `user` is a Django User object
        `course_id` is our usual course_id string (e.g. "edX/Test101/2013_Fall)

        Returns (mode, is_active) where mode is the enrollment mode of the student
            and is_active is whether the enrollment is active.
        Returns (None, None) if the courseenrollment record does not exist.
        """
        try:
            record = cls.objects.get(user=user, course_id=course_id)
            return (record.mode, record.is_active)
        except cls.DoesNotExist:
            return (None, None)

    @classmethod
    def enrollments_for_user(cls, user):
        return cls.objects.filter(user=user, is_active=1)

    def is_paid_course(self):
        """
        Returns True, if course is paid
        """
        paid_course = CourseMode.is_white_label(self.course_id)
        if paid_course or CourseMode.is_professional_slug(self.mode):
            return True

        return False

    def activate(self):
        """Makes this `CourseEnrollment` record active. Saves immediately."""
        self.update_enrollment(is_active=True)

    def deactivate(self):
        """Makes this `CourseEnrollment` record inactive. Saves immediately. An
        inactive record means that the student is not enrolled in this course.
        """
        self.update_enrollment(is_active=False)

    def change_mode(self, mode):
        """Changes this `CourseEnrollment` record's mode to `mode`.  Saves immediately."""
        self.update_enrollment(mode=mode)

    def refundable(self):
        """
        For paid/verified certificates, students may receive a refund if they have
        a verified certificate and the deadline for refunds has not yet passed.
        """
        # In order to support manual refunds past the deadline, set can_refund on this object.
        # On unenrolling, the "UNENROLL_DONE" signal calls CertificateItem.refund_cert_callback(),
        # which calls this method to determine whether to refund the order.
        # This can't be set directly because refunds currently happen as a side-effect of unenrolling.
        # (side-effects are bad)
        if getattr(self, 'can_refund', None) is not None:
            return True

        # If the student has already been given a certificate they should not be refunded
        if GeneratedCertificate.certificate_for_student(self.user, self.course_id) is not None:
            return False

        # If it is after the refundable cutoff date they should not be refunded.
        refund_cutoff_date = self.refund_cutoff_date()
        if refund_cutoff_date and datetime.now(UTC) > refund_cutoff_date:
            return False

        course_mode = CourseMode.mode_for_course(self.course_id, 'verified')
        if course_mode is None:
            return False
        else:
            return True

    def refund_cutoff_date(self):
        """ Calculate and return the refund window end date. """
        try:
            attribute = self.attributes.get(namespace='order', name='order_number')
        except ObjectDoesNotExist:
            return None

        order_number = attribute.value
        order = ecommerce_api_client(self.user).orders(order_number).get()
        refund_window_start_date = max(
            datetime.strptime(order['date_placed'], ECOMMERCE_DATE_FORMAT),
            self.course_overview.start.replace(tzinfo=None)
        )

        return refund_window_start_date.replace(tzinfo=UTC) + EnrollmentRefundConfiguration.current().refund_window

    @property
    def username(self):
        return self.user.username

    @property
    def course(self):
        # Deprecated. Please use the `course_overview` property instead.
        return self.course_overview

    @property
    def course_overview(self):
        """
        Returns a CourseOverview of the course to which this enrollment refers.
        Returns None if an error occurred while trying to load the course.

        Note:
            If the course is re-published within the lifetime of this
            CourseEnrollment object, then the value of this property will
            become stale.
       """
        if not self._course_overview:
            try:
                self._course_overview = CourseOverview.get_from_id(self.course_id)
            except (CourseOverview.DoesNotExist, IOError):
                self._course_overview = None
        return self._course_overview

    def is_verified_enrollment(self):
        """
        Check the course enrollment mode is verified or not
        """
        return CourseMode.is_verified_slug(self.mode)

    def is_professional_enrollment(self):
        """
        Check the course enrollment mode is professional or not
        """
        return CourseMode.is_professional_slug(self.mode)

    @classmethod
    def is_enrolled_as_verified(cls, user, course_key):
        """
        Check whether the course enrollment is for a verified mode.

        Arguments:
            user (User): The user object.
            course_key (CourseKey): The identifier for the course.

        Returns: bool

        """
        enrollment = cls.get_enrollment(user, course_key)
        return (
            enrollment is not None and
            enrollment.is_active and
            enrollment.is_verified_enrollment()
        )

    @classmethod
    def cache_key_name(cls, user_id, course_key):
        """Return cache key name to be used to cache current configuration.
        Args:
            user_id(int): Id of user.
            course_key(unicode): Unicode of course key

        Returns:
            Unicode cache key
        """
        return cls.COURSE_ENROLLMENT_CACHE_KEY.format(user_id, unicode(course_key))


@receiver(models.signals.post_save, sender=CourseEnrollment)
@receiver(models.signals.post_delete, sender=CourseEnrollment)
def invalidate_enrollment_mode_cache(sender, instance, **kwargs):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument, invalid-name
    """Invalidate the cache of CourseEnrollment model. """

    cache_key = CourseEnrollment.cache_key_name(
        instance.user.id,
        unicode(instance.course_id)
    )
    cache.delete(cache_key)


class ManualEnrollmentAudit(models.Model):
    """
    Table for tracking which enrollments were performed through manual enrollment.
    """
    enrollment = models.ForeignKey(CourseEnrollment, null=True)
    enrolled_by = models.ForeignKey(User, null=True)
    enrolled_email = models.CharField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
    time_stamp = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True)
    state_transition = models.CharField(max_length=255, choices=TRANSITION_STATES)
    reason = models.TextField(null=True)

    @classmethod
    def create_manual_enrollment_audit(cls, user, email, state_transition, reason, enrollment=None):
        """
        saves the student manual enrollment information
        """
        return cls.objects.create(
            enrolled_by=user,
            enrolled_email=email,
            state_transition=state_transition,
            reason=reason,
            enrollment=enrollment
        )

    @classmethod
    def get_manual_enrollment_by_email(cls, email):
        """
        if matches returns the most recent entry in the table filtered by email else returns None.
        """
        try:
            manual_enrollment = cls.objects.filter(enrolled_email=email).latest('time_stamp')
        except cls.DoesNotExist:
            manual_enrollment = None
        return manual_enrollment

    @classmethod
    def get_manual_enrollment(cls, enrollment):
        """
        if matches returns the most recent entry in the table filtered by enrollment else returns None,
        """
        try:
            manual_enrollment = cls.objects.filter(enrollment=enrollment).latest('time_stamp')
        except cls.DoesNotExist:
            manual_enrollment = None
        return manual_enrollment


class CourseEnrollmentAllowed(models.Model):
    """
    Table of users (specified by email address strings) who are allowed to enroll in a specified course.
    The user may or may not (yet) exist.  Enrollment by users listed in this table is allowed
    even if the enrollment time window is past.
    """
    email = models.CharField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
    course_id = CourseKeyField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
    auto_enroll = models.BooleanField(default=0)

    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True, db_index=True)

    class Meta(object):
        unique_together = (('email', 'course_id'),)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return "[CourseEnrollmentAllowed] %s: %s (%s)" % (self.email, self.course_id, self.created)

    @classmethod
    def may_enroll_and_unenrolled(cls, course_id):
        """
        Return QuerySet of students who are allowed to enroll in a course.

        Result excludes students who have already enrolled in the
        course.

        `course_id` identifies the course for which to compute the QuerySet.
        """
        enrolled = CourseEnrollment.objects.users_enrolled_in(course_id=course_id).values_list('email', flat=True)
        return CourseEnrollmentAllowed.objects.filter(course_id=course_id).exclude(email__in=enrolled)


@total_ordering
class CourseAccessRole(models.Model):
    """
    Maps users to org, courses, and roles. Used by student.roles.CourseRole and OrgRole.
    To establish a user as having a specific role over all courses in the org, create an entry
    without a course_id.
    """

    objects = NoneToEmptyManager()

    user = models.ForeignKey(User)
    # blank org is for global group based roles such as course creator (may be deprecated)
    org = models.CharField(max_length=64, db_index=True, blank=True)
    # blank course_id implies org wide role
    course_id = CourseKeyField(max_length=255, db_index=True, blank=True)
    role = models.CharField(max_length=64, db_index=True)

    class Meta(object):
        unique_together = ('user', 'org', 'course_id', 'role')

    @property
    def _key(self):
        """
        convenience function to make eq overrides easier and clearer. arbitrary decision
        that role is primary, followed by org, course, and then user
        """
        return (self.role, self.org, self.course_id, self.user_id)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """
        Overriding eq b/c the django impl relies on the primary key which requires fetch. sometimes we
        just want to compare roles w/o doing another fetch.
        """
        return type(self) == type(other) and self._key == other._key  # pylint: disable=protected-access

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self._key)

    def __lt__(self, other):
        """
        Lexigraphic sort
        """
        return self._key < other._key  # pylint: disable=protected-access

    def __unicode__(self):
        return "[CourseAccessRole] user: {}   role: {}   org: {}   course: {}".format(self.user.username, self.role, self.org, self.course_id)


#### Helper methods for use from python manage.py shell and other classes.


def get_user_by_username_or_email(username_or_email):
    """
    Return a User object, looking up by email if username_or_email contains a
    '@', otherwise by username.

    Raises:
        User.DoesNotExist is lookup fails.
    """
    if '@' in username_or_email:
        return User.objects.get(email=username_or_email)
    else:
        return User.objects.get(username=username_or_email)


def get_user(email):
    user = User.objects.get(email=email)
    u_prof = UserProfile.objects.get(user=user)
    return user, u_prof


def user_info(email):
    user, u_prof = get_user(email)
    print "User id", user.id
    print "Username", user.username
    print "E-mail", user.email
    print "Name", u_prof.name
    print "Location", u_prof.location
    print "Language", u_prof.language
    return user, u_prof


def change_email(old_email, new_email):
    user = User.objects.get(email=old_email)
    user.email = new_email
    user.save()


def change_name(email, new_name):
    _user, u_prof = get_user(email)
    u_prof.name = new_name
    u_prof.save()


def user_count():
    print "All users", User.objects.all().count()
    print "Active users", User.objects.filter(is_active=True).count()
    return User.objects.all().count()


def active_user_count():
    return User.objects.filter(is_active=True).count()


def create_group(name, description):
    utg = UserTestGroup()
    utg.name = name
    utg.description = description
    utg.save()


def add_user_to_group(user, group):
    utg = UserTestGroup.objects.get(name=group)
    utg.users.add(User.objects.get(username=user))
    utg.save()


def remove_user_from_group(user, group):
    utg = UserTestGroup.objects.get(name=group)
    utg.users.remove(User.objects.get(username=user))
    utg.save()

DEFAULT_GROUPS = {
    'email_future_courses': 'Receive e-mails about future MITx courses',
    'email_helpers': 'Receive e-mails about how to help with MITx',
    'mitx_unenroll': 'Fully unenrolled -- no further communications',
    '6002x_unenroll': 'Took and dropped 6002x'
}


def add_user_to_default_group(user, group):
    try:
        utg = UserTestGroup.objects.get(name=group)
    except UserTestGroup.DoesNotExist:
        utg = UserTestGroup()
        utg.name = group
        utg.description = DEFAULT_GROUPS[group]
        utg.save()
    utg.users.add(User.objects.get(username=user))
    utg.save()


def create_comments_service_user(user):
    if not settings.FEATURES['ENABLE_DISCUSSION_SERVICE']:
        # Don't try--it won't work, and it will fill the logs with lots of errors
        return
    try:
        cc_user = cc.User.from_django_user(user)
        cc_user.save()
    except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
        log = logging.getLogger("edx.discussion")  # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
        log.error(
            "Could not create comments service user with id {}".format(user.id),
            exc_info=True
        )

# Define login and logout handlers here in the models file, instead of the views file,
# so that they are more likely to be loaded when a Studio user brings up the Studio admin
# page to login.  These are currently the only signals available, so we need to continue
# identifying and logging failures separately (in views).


@receiver(user_logged_in)
def log_successful_login(sender, request, user, **kwargs):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    """Handler to log when logins have occurred successfully."""
    if settings.FEATURES['SQUELCH_PII_IN_LOGS']:
        AUDIT_LOG.info(u"Login success - user.id: {0}".format(user.id))
    else:
        AUDIT_LOG.info(u"Login success - {0} ({1})".format(user.username, user.email))


@receiver(user_logged_out)
def log_successful_logout(sender, request, user, **kwargs):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    """Handler to log when logouts have occurred successfully."""
    if hasattr(request, 'user'):
        if settings.FEATURES['SQUELCH_PII_IN_LOGS']:
            AUDIT_LOG.info(u"Logout - user.id: {0}".format(request.user.id))  # pylint: disable=logging-format-interpolation
        else:
            AUDIT_LOG.info(u"Logout - {0}".format(request.user))  # pylint: disable=logging-format-interpolation


@receiver(user_logged_in)
@receiver(user_logged_out)
def enforce_single_login(sender, request, user, signal, **kwargs):    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    """
    Sets the current session id in the user profile,
    to prevent concurrent logins.
    """
    if settings.FEATURES.get('PREVENT_CONCURRENT_LOGINS', False):
        if signal == user_logged_in:
            key = request.session.session_key
        else:
            key = None
        if user:
            user_profile, __ = UserProfile.objects.get_or_create(
                user=user,
                defaults={'name': user.username}
            )
            if user_profile:
                user.profile.set_login_session(key)


class DashboardConfiguration(ConfigurationModel):
    """Dashboard Configuration settings.

    Includes configuration options for the dashboard, which impact behavior and rendering for the application.

    """
    recent_enrollment_time_delta = models.PositiveIntegerField(
        default=0,
        help_text="The number of seconds in which a new enrollment is considered 'recent'. "
                  "Used to display notifications."
    )

    @property
    def recent_enrollment_seconds(self):
        return self.recent_enrollment_time_delta


class LinkedInAddToProfileConfiguration(ConfigurationModel):
    """
    LinkedIn Add to Profile Configuration

    This configuration enables the "Add to Profile" LinkedIn
    button on the student dashboard.  The button appears when
    users have a certificate available; when clicked,
    users are sent to the LinkedIn site with a pre-filled
    form allowing them to add the certificate to their
    LinkedIn profile.
    """

    MODE_TO_CERT_NAME = {
        "honor": _(u"{platform_name} Honor Code Certificate for {course_name}"),
        "verified": _(u"{platform_name} Verified Certificate for {course_name}"),
        "professional": _(u"{platform_name} Professional Certificate for {course_name}"),
        "no-id-professional": _(
            u"{platform_name} Professional Certificate for {course_name}"
        ),
    }

    company_identifier = models.TextField(
        help_text=_(
            u"The company identifier for the LinkedIn Add-to-Profile button "
            u"e.g 0_0dPSPyS070e0HsE9HNz_13_d11_"
        )
    )

    # Deprecated
    dashboard_tracking_code = models.TextField(default="", blank=True)

    trk_partner_name = models.CharField(
        max_length=10,
        default="",
        blank=True,
        help_text=_(
            u"Short identifier for the LinkedIn partner used in the tracking code.  "
            u"(Example: 'edx')  "
            u"If no value is provided, tracking codes will not be sent to LinkedIn."
        )
    )

    def add_to_profile_url(self, course_key, course_name, cert_mode, cert_url, source="o", target="dashboard"):
        """Construct the URL for the "add to profile" button.

        Arguments:
            course_key (CourseKey): The identifier for the course.
            course_name (unicode): The display name of the course.
            cert_mode (str): The course mode of the user's certificate (e.g. "verified", "honor", "professional")
            cert_url (str): The download URL for the certificate.

        Keyword Arguments:
            source (str): Either "o" (for onsite/UI), "e" (for emails), or "m" (for mobile)
            target (str): An identifier for the occurrance of the button.

        """
        company_identifier = microsite.get_value('LINKEDIN_COMPANY_ID', self.company_identifier)
        params = OrderedDict([
            ('_ed', company_identifier),
            ('pfCertificationName', self._cert_name(course_name, cert_mode).encode('utf-8')),
            ('pfCertificationUrl', cert_url),
            ('source', source)
        ])

        tracking_code = self._tracking_code(course_key, cert_mode, target)
        if tracking_code is not None:
            params['trk'] = tracking_code

        return u'http://www.linkedin.com/profile/add?{params}'.format(
            params=urlencode(params)
        )

    def _cert_name(self, course_name, cert_mode):
        """Name of the certification, for display on LinkedIn. """
        return self.MODE_TO_CERT_NAME.get(
            cert_mode,
            _(u"{platform_name} Certificate for {course_name}")
        ).format(
            platform_name=microsite.get_value('platform_name', settings.PLATFORM_NAME),
            course_name=course_name
        )

    def _tracking_code(self, course_key, cert_mode, target):
        """Create a tracking code for the button.

        Tracking codes are used by LinkedIn to collect
        analytics about certifications users are adding
        to their profiles.

        The tracking code format is:
            &trk=[partner name]-[certificate type]-[date]-[target field]

        In our case, we're sending:
            &trk=edx-{COURSE ID}_{COURSE MODE}-{TARGET}

        If no partner code is configured, then this will
        return None, indicating that tracking codes are disabled.

        Arguments:

            course_key (CourseKey): The identifier for the course.
            cert_mode (str): The enrollment mode for the course.
            target (str): Identifier for where the button is located.

        Returns:
            unicode or None

        """
        return (
            u"{partner}-{course_key}_{cert_mode}-{target}".format(
                partner=self.trk_partner_name,
                course_key=unicode(course_key),
                cert_mode=cert_mode,
                target=target
            )
            if self.trk_partner_name else None
        )


class EntranceExamConfiguration(models.Model):
    """
    Represents a Student's entrance exam specific data for a single Course
    """

    user = models.ForeignKey(User, db_index=True)
    course_id = CourseKeyField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True, db_index=True)
    updated = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, db_index=True)

    # if skip_entrance_exam is True, then student can skip entrance exam
    # for the course
    skip_entrance_exam = models.BooleanField(default=True)

    class Meta(object):
        unique_together = (('user', 'course_id'), )

    def __unicode__(self):
        return "[EntranceExamConfiguration] %s: %s (%s) = %s" % (
            self.user, self.course_id, self.created, self.skip_entrance_exam
        )

    @classmethod
    def user_can_skip_entrance_exam(cls, user, course_key):
        """
        Return True if given user can skip entrance exam for given course otherwise False.
        """
        can_skip = False
        if is_entrance_exams_enabled():
            try:
                record = EntranceExamConfiguration.objects.get(user=user, course_id=course_key)
                can_skip = record.skip_entrance_exam
            except EntranceExamConfiguration.DoesNotExist:
                can_skip = False
        return can_skip


class LanguageField(models.CharField):
    """Represents a language from the ISO 639-1 language set."""

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Creates a LanguageField.

        Accepts all the same kwargs as a CharField, except for max_length and
        choices. help_text defaults to a description of the ISO 639-1 set.
        """
        kwargs.pop('max_length', None)
        kwargs.pop('choices', None)
        help_text = kwargs.pop(
            'help_text',
            _("The ISO 639-1 language code for this language."),
        )
        super(LanguageField, self).__init__(
            max_length=16,
            choices=settings.ALL_LANGUAGES,
            help_text=help_text,
            *args,
            **kwargs
        )


class LanguageProficiency(models.Model):
    """
    Represents a user's language proficiency.

    Note that we have not found a way to emit analytics change events by using signals directly on this
    model or on UserProfile. Therefore if you are changing LanguageProficiency values, it is important
    to go through the accounts API (AccountsView) defined in
    /edx-platform/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_api/accounts/views.py or its associated api method
    (update_account_settings) so that the events are emitted.
    """
    class Meta(object):
        unique_together = (('code', 'user_profile'),)

    user_profile = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, db_index=True, related_name='language_proficiencies')
    code = models.CharField(
        max_length=16,
        blank=False,
        choices=settings.ALL_LANGUAGES,
        help_text=_("The ISO 639-1 language code for this language.")
    )


class CourseEnrollmentAttribute(models.Model):
    """
    Provide additional information about the user's enrollment.
    """
    enrollment = models.ForeignKey(CourseEnrollment, related_name="attributes")
    namespace = models.CharField(
        max_length=255,
        help_text=_("Namespace of enrollment attribute")
    )
    name = models.CharField(
        max_length=255,
        help_text=_("Name of the enrollment attribute")
    )
    value = models.CharField(
        max_length=255,
        help_text=_("Value of the enrollment attribute")
    )

    def __unicode__(self):
        """Unicode representation of the attribute. """
        return u"{namespace}:{name}, {value}".format(
            namespace=self.namespace,
            name=self.name,
            value=self.value,
        )

    @classmethod
    def add_enrollment_attr(cls, enrollment, data_list):
        """Delete all the enrollment attributes for the given enrollment and
        add new attributes.

        Args:
            enrollment(CourseEnrollment): 'CourseEnrollment' for which attribute is to be added
            data(list): list of dictionaries containing data to save
        """
        cls.objects.filter(enrollment=enrollment).delete()
        attributes = [
            cls(enrollment=enrollment, namespace=data['namespace'], name=data['name'], value=data['value'])
            for data in data_list
        ]
        cls.objects.bulk_create(attributes)

    @classmethod
    def get_enrollment_attributes(cls, enrollment):
        """Retrieve list of all enrollment attributes.

        Args:
            enrollment(CourseEnrollment): 'CourseEnrollment' for which list is to retrieve

        Returns: list

        Example:
        >>> CourseEnrollmentAttribute.get_enrollment_attributes(CourseEnrollment)
        [
            {
                "namespace": "credit",
                "name": "provider_id",
                "value": "hogwarts",
            },
        ]
        """
        return [
            {
                "namespace": attribute.namespace,
                "name": attribute.name,
                "value": attribute.value,
            }
            for attribute in cls.objects.filter(enrollment=enrollment)
        ]


class EnrollmentRefundConfiguration(ConfigurationModel):
    """
    Configuration for course enrollment refunds.
    """

    # TODO: Django 1.8 introduces a DurationField
    # (https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/ref/models/fields/#durationfield)
    # for storing timedeltas which uses MySQL's bigint for backing
    # storage. After we've completed the Django upgrade we should be
    # able to replace this field with a DurationField named
    # `refund_window` without having to run a migration or change
    # other code.
    refund_window_microseconds = models.BigIntegerField(
        default=1209600000000,
        help_text=_(
            "The window of time after enrolling during which users can be granted"
            " a refund, represented in microseconds. The default is 14 days."
        )
    )

    @property
    def refund_window(self):
        """Return the configured refund window as a `datetime.timedelta`."""
        return timedelta(microseconds=self.refund_window_microseconds)

    @refund_window.setter
    def refund_window(self, refund_window):
        """Set the current refund window to the given timedelta."""
        self.refund_window_microseconds = int(refund_window.total_seconds() * 1000000)


class UserAttribute(TimeStampedModel):
    """
    Record additional metadata about a user, stored as key/value pairs of text.
    """

    class Meta(object):
        # Ensure that at most one value exists for a given user/name.
        unique_together = (('user', 'name',), )

    user = models.ForeignKey(User, related_name='attributes')
    name = models.CharField(max_length=255, help_text=_("Name of this user attribute."), db_index=True)
    value = models.CharField(max_length=255, help_text=_("Value of this user attribute."))

    def __unicode__(self):
        """Unicode representation of this attribute. """
        return u"[{username}] {name}: {value}".format(
            name=self.name,
            value=self.value,
            username=self.user.username,
        )

    @classmethod
    def set_user_attribute(cls, user, name, value):
        """
        Add an name/value pair as an attribute for the given
        user. Overwrites any previous value for that name, if it
        exists.
        """
        cls.objects.filter(user=user, name=name).delete()
        cls.objects.create(user=user, name=name, value=value)

    @classmethod
    def get_user_attribute(cls, user, name):
        """
        Return the attribute value for the given user and name. If no such
        value exists, returns None.
        """
        try:
            return cls.objects.get(user=user, name=name).value
        except cls.DoesNotExist:
            return None