1093 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
1093 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
1
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00:00:00,293 --> 00:00:01,245
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好 各位同学
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2
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00:00:01,493 --> 00:00:03,821
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我们今天要讲的题目是
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3
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00:00:04,037 --> 00:00:05,813
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从算筹到ENIAC
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4
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00:00:06,181 --> 00:00:07,347
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那么今天的主要内容
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5
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00:00:07,733 --> 00:00:10,904
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我会从远古的手动的一些计算工具
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6
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00:00:11,197 --> 00:00:14,445
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一直讲到我们现代的电子计算机ENIAC
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7
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00:00:15,165 --> 00:00:18,925
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首先我们来介绍一下远古的计算工具
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8
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00:00:19,221 --> 00:00:21,125
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我们看
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9
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00:00:21,491 --> 00:00:24,829
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我们人类社会最早的计算工具是什么呢
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10
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00:00:25,126 --> 00:00:27,365
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其实早先可以有结绳记事
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00:00:27,749 --> 00:00:28,789
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但是那个呢谈不上计算
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12
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00:00:29,221 --> 00:00:30,989
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只能称得上是存储
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00:00:31,405 --> 00:00:32,653
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那么最早的计算工具
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00:00:32,877 --> 00:00:36,149
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是出现在中国的商周时期
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15
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00:00:36,357 --> 00:00:37,063
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是什么呢
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16
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00:00:37,357 --> 00:00:39,805
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就是这样的一些东西
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17
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00:00:40,117 --> 00:00:40,965
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叫算筹
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18
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00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:42,557
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那么我们古代成语
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00:00:43,021 --> 00:00:44,445
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“运筹帷幄”之中的“筹”
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00:00:44,741 --> 00:00:46,141
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就是这个算筹
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00:00:47,729 --> 00:00:49,109
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这是普通的算筹
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00:00:49,373 --> 00:00:50,109
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就是一些小木棍
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23
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00:00:50,557 --> 00:00:52,173
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它的高端产品是什么呢
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24
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00:00:52,509 --> 00:00:53,869
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就是一些小骨头棍
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00:00:54,205 --> 00:00:57,237
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这个算筹用来怎么计数呢
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26
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00:00:57,526 --> 00:01:00,741
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我们古代有“横式”“纵式”两种计数方式
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27
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00:01:01,077 --> 00:01:04,477
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其实就是不同的排放组合来代表不同的数字
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00:01:05,109 --> 00:01:06,125
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那么大家想
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00:01:06,405 --> 00:01:09,509
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这些小木棍用来作为计算工具
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30
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00:01:09,821 --> 00:01:13,253
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能够完成什么样的工作呢
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31
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00:01:13,565 --> 00:01:18,013
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事实上我们中国古代有一位老大爷
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00:01:18,261 --> 00:01:21,389
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他用算筹还是做了一些工作
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00:01:21,702 --> 00:01:23,173
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我们来认识一下这位老大爷
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34
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00:01:25,422 --> 00:01:26,149
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他是谁呢
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35
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00:01:26,613 --> 00:01:27,691
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他叫祖冲之
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36
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00:01:28,582 --> 00:01:30,501
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他用算筹做出了什么呢
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37
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00:01:30,820 --> 00:01:36,453
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他把圆周率从3.1415926到3.1415927之间估算出来
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00:01:36,845 --> 00:01:41,333
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所以算筹还是可以做一些很好的工作的
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39
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00:01:42,181 --> 00:01:44,533
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同样的这个年代
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40
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00:01:44,845 --> 00:01:47,807
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在欧洲也有类似的一些工具
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41
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00:01:48,253 --> 00:01:50,493
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那就是欧洲的Napier算筹
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42
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00:01:51,157 --> 00:01:52,413
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欧洲的这个Napier算筹
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43
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00:01:52,661 --> 00:01:54,989
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它是依据一定的计算原理来做的
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44
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00:01:55,317 --> 00:01:56,030
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什么原理呢
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45
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00:01:56,373 --> 00:01:57,101
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我说是“格子原理”
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46
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00:01:57,501 --> 00:01:58,693
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那什么是“格子原理”呢
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47
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00:01:58,965 --> 00:02:00,091
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我们来看一下
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48
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00:02:00,462 --> 00:02:01,157
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举个简单例子
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49
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00:02:01,541 --> 00:02:04,205
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比如说我们要计算24乘以36
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50
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00:02:05,585 --> 00:02:07,765
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这个时候我们用一个格子把它画出来
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51
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00:02:08,277 --> 00:02:10,933
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把2、4、3、6分别对应横向的格和纵向的格
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52
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00:02:11,597 --> 00:02:14,837
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这时候我们把每一个格子分成两个部分
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53
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00:02:15,197 --> 00:02:16,917
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其中要填上数字
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54
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00:02:17,237 --> 00:02:17,775
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填什么数字呢
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55
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00:02:18,037 --> 00:02:19,357
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比如说2乘以6
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56
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00:02:21,234 --> 00:02:22,461
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它的这个相应的位置
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57
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00:02:22,901 --> 00:02:23,862
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2乘以6等于12
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58
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00:02:24,165 --> 00:02:26,021
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相应的位置就填上1和2
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59
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00:02:27,117 --> 00:02:28,117
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类似的方法
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60
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00:02:28,461 --> 00:02:30,013
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我们把所有的格子的数字都填满
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61
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00:02:30,525 --> 00:02:32,949
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那么好 24乘36到底等于多少
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62
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00:02:33,269 --> 00:02:36,533
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我们看 个位数就是4
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63
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00:02:36,776 --> 00:02:39,741
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十位数呢就是这样相加 就是6
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64
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00:02:40,037 --> 00:02:42,517
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百位数就是这样相加 就是8
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65
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00:02:42,864 --> 00:02:45,981
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864 大家去验算一下是不是对的
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66
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00:02:46,525 --> 00:02:47,638
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是对的
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67
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00:02:48,581 --> 00:02:50,181
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利用这样的一个“格子原理”
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68
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00:02:50,525 --> 00:02:53,829
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欧洲的Napier发明了这种算筹
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00:02:54,173 --> 00:02:55,277
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就是这个样子的
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70
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00:02:55,603 --> 00:02:57,837
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大家看 就是这样
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00:03:00,402 --> 00:03:03,605
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后来中国又出现了一种
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00:03:03,893 --> 00:03:06,644
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低碳 环保 便携
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73
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00:03:07,229 --> 00:03:09,540
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同时解决问题又非常利索
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74
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00:03:09,797 --> 00:03:11,965
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三下五除二就可以搞定的计算工具
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75
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00:03:12,557 --> 00:03:13,277
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是什么呢
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76
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00:03:13,904 --> 00:03:15,079
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就是算盘
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77
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00:03:16,205 --> 00:03:18,709
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这个算盘应该说在中国古代
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78
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00:03:19,021 --> 00:03:21,709
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社会发展中起到了重要的作用
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00:03:22,060 --> 00:03:22,789
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就不用多说了
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80
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它出现在宋 元 大概这个年代
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81
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还是大概同一时代
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82
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在欧洲有一个数学家
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83
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00:03:34,853 --> 00:03:36,420
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英国的数学家奥特雷德
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84
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00:03:36,842 --> 00:03:40,629
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他发明了一种计算工具叫“计算尺”
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85
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00:03:41,701 --> 00:03:43,324
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这个计算尺实际上
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86
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00:03:43,660 --> 00:03:45,772
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尽管是在十五世纪发明的
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87
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00:03:46,029 --> 00:03:48,277
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但是真正推广应用的
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88
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00:03:48,956 --> 00:03:49,941
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让世人所知的
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89
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是谁呢
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90
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00:03:51,364 --> 00:03:53,381
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是到了十八世纪的时候
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91
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一位人物
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92
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叫做瓦特
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93
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就是发明蒸汽机的瓦特
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94
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他把计算尺做了一点点改进
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95
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00:04:01,893 --> 00:04:02,317
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怎么改进呢
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96
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00:04:02,821 --> 00:04:03,573
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大家看
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97
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00:04:03,941 --> 00:04:09,076
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计算尺上增加了一个滑动的标
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98
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00:04:09,405 --> 00:04:11,645
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这个标是用来作为
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00:04:12,052 --> 00:04:14,901
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记录中间的计算结果用的
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100
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00:04:15,652 --> 00:04:17,596
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所以瓦特用它做了大量的计算
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101
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00:04:17,949 --> 00:04:20,789
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也为后来的工业发展起到了重要作用
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102
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00:04:21,348 --> 00:04:22,740
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这是计算尺
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103
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00:04:24,445 --> 00:04:25,973
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这是远古的计算工具
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104
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00:04:26,261 --> 00:04:27,348
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我们说远古的计算工具
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105
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00:04:27,724 --> 00:04:30,116
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大体可以称为是手动计算工具
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106
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00:04:30,869 --> 00:04:32,772
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后来又有一些先辈
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107
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00:04:33,196 --> 00:04:34,365
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他们利用他们的智慧
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108
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00:04:34,748 --> 00:04:38,386
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为我们发明了机械式的计算工具
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下面呢我们来看一下
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机械式计算工具
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在这一部分我要讲四个案例
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112
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00:04:47,716 --> 00:04:50,224
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按照历史的顺序我要将四个案例
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113
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其实我们还有一些别的计算工具
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114
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00:04:53,244 --> 00:04:54,724
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我们首先来看
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115
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00:04:55,988 --> 00:04:59,332
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在欧洲文艺复兴的期间
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116
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00:05:00,294 --> 00:05:05,103
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有一位老人家设计了这样的一个装置
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117
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00:05:05,670 --> 00:05:09,102
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由十三个齿轮来做加法
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这样一个装置
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那么这个装置实际的形状
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120
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00:05:13,886 --> 00:05:14,622
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就是这样的形状
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121
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00:05:14,750 --> 00:05:17,084
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那么是哪一位老人家设计的呢
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122
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00:05:17,924 --> 00:05:18,804
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我们来认识一下
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123
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哇 蒙娜丽莎
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124
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00:05:23,084 --> 00:05:24,012
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的作者达芬奇
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125
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00:05:25,716 --> 00:05:27,524
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他设计的这个装置
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00:05:29,756 --> 00:05:32,908
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一直是停留在手稿状态
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127
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00:05:33,692 --> 00:05:35,268
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后来无意当中被人发现
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128
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00:05:35,837 --> 00:05:37,268
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说达芬奇怎么还有这么一个发明
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但是一直到1968年
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00:05:40,284 --> 00:05:41,748
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才有人真正把他这个装置
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00:05:42,148 --> 00:05:43,884
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按照他的这个说明恢复了出来
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132
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00:05:44,348 --> 00:05:45,332
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就是下面这个图
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133
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这个图大家可以看到
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134
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00:05:48,004 --> 00:05:48,412
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就是一个真实的装置
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135
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00:05:48,935 --> 00:05:51,380
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你们在某些博物馆也许会看到这个装置
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136
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00:05:51,828 --> 00:05:56,204
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这是最早达芬奇做了一个加法器的设计
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是一个机械式的
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138
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00:05:58,291 --> 00:06:00,772
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这个呢大约是在十四世纪的时候
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139
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00:06:01,116 --> 00:06:04,180
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又过了大约两百年
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140
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00:06:05,700 --> 00:06:07,933
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一位德国的科学家叫契克卡德
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141
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00:06:08,836 --> 00:06:12,620
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他又设计了一个机械式的计算装置
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142
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00:06:13,636 --> 00:06:14,616
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这是契克卡德
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143
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00:06:15,021 --> 00:06:18,428
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他发明的这个装置是这个样子的
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144
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00:06:19,268 --> 00:06:19,957
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为什么这样呢？
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145
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00:06:20,164 --> 00:06:22,476
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因为他最早发明这个装置是木头的
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146
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00:06:23,108 --> 00:06:24,005
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放到他的家乡
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147
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00:06:25,445 --> 00:06:26,604
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结果就因为是木头的
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148
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00:06:27,015 --> 00:06:28,452
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有一次家乡不小心失火了
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149
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00:06:29,748 --> 00:06:30,452
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一把火烧掉了
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150
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00:06:31,356 --> 00:06:32,284
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所以留下的只有图纸
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151
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00:06:33,212 --> 00:06:35,228
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后人又根据他的图纸
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152
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00:06:35,916 --> 00:06:37,277
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真实地再现了
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153
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00:06:37,917 --> 00:06:39,278
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他所设计的这个计算装置
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154
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00:06:40,284 --> 00:06:40,989
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也还是木头的
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155
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00:06:41,572 --> 00:06:43,796
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发现这个装置运行非常好
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156
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00:06:45,220 --> 00:06:46,692
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这是德国的科学家当时
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157
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00:06:47,677 --> 00:06:50,004
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用木头做的一个计算装置
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158
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00:06:51,101 --> 00:06:54,789
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大体上和契克卡德在同一年代
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159
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00:06:55,573 --> 00:06:57,149
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又有一位年轻人
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160
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00:06:57,565 --> 00:07:00,709
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他在19岁的时候设计了一个
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161
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00:07:01,085 --> 00:07:03,381
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也是机械式计算装置
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162
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00:07:03,925 --> 00:07:05,013
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叫齿轮计算器
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163
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00:07:05,669 --> 00:07:06,317
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就是这样的
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164
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00:07:06,661 --> 00:07:07,765
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这个计算器的特点是什么
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165
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00:07:08,173 --> 00:07:10,325
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十进制 带进位
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166
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00:07:10,989 --> 00:07:11,669
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这样的一个特点
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167
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00:07:12,029 --> 00:07:14,189
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这个年轻人为什么要设计这样一个装置呢
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168
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00:07:14,989 --> 00:07:18,365
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是因为他的父亲是政府官员
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169
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00:07:18,901 --> 00:07:22,725
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负责的工作是每天都要计算复杂的税率
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170
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00:07:23,293 --> 00:07:24,805
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计算任务非常重
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171
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00:07:25,490 --> 00:07:28,309
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他年纪轻轻的时候就觉得
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172
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00:07:28,685 --> 00:07:29,485
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父亲很辛苦
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173
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00:07:29,869 --> 00:07:32,277
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我希望能够给父亲做一点事情
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174
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00:07:32,613 --> 00:07:33,221
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所以他就想
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175
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00:07:33,509 --> 00:07:34,661
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我可不可以用一个机械的装置
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176
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00:07:35,013 --> 00:07:36,741
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来代替父亲的这种繁琐的工作
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177
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00:07:37,069 --> 00:07:40,789
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所以他就设计了这么一个装置
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178
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00:07:41,117 --> 00:07:42,629
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叫齿轮计算器
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179
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00:07:44,803 --> 00:07:45,547
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谁设计的呢
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180
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00:07:45,771 --> 00:07:46,569
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就是这位年轻人
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181
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00:07:46,875 --> 00:07:47,880
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大家可能就不太认识
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182
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00:07:48,253 --> 00:07:50,701
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这位年轻人的名字叫做帕斯卡
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183
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00:07:51,952 --> 00:07:53,488
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大家觉得耳熟啊
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184
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00:07:53,957 --> 00:07:55,149
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帕斯卡是谁呢
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185
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00:07:55,525 --> 00:07:57,437
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没错 就是你想的那个压强的单位
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186
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00:07:57,789 --> 00:07:58,269
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帕斯卡
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187
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00:07:58,989 --> 00:08:02,229
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他最早设计了这个齿轮式的计算器
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188
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00:08:03,725 --> 00:08:05,837
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这个计算器的实物是这样的
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189
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00:08:06,637 --> 00:08:07,405
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它最后生产没有呢
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190
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00:08:07,797 --> 00:08:08,677
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生产了
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191
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00:08:08,965 --> 00:08:09,693
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而且生产了很多
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192
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00:08:10,928 --> 00:08:12,949
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生产了很多之后
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193
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00:08:13,341 --> 00:08:16,293
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有几个样品当时还曾经送到了中国
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194
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00:08:17,077 --> 00:08:18,221
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可惜中国当时也没有用
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195
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00:08:19,653 --> 00:08:22,086
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这是打开后里面的装置
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196
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00:08:22,621 --> 00:08:26,725
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通过齿轮的咬合来进行十进制的计算
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197
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00:08:27,565 --> 00:08:28,597
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这是帕斯卡
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198
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00:08:29,131 --> 00:08:32,051
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那么帕斯卡他所做的工作
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199
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00:08:32,763 --> 00:08:35,202
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应该说在那个年代超前的
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200
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00:08:35,538 --> 00:08:36,538
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也是一种非凡的
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201
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00:08:37,571 --> 00:08:39,702
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那么 在帕斯卡生命的最后几年
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202
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00:08:40,131 --> 00:08:44,779
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他专心地在写 总结自己的思想
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203
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00:08:45,251 --> 00:08:46,899
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他在他的书中写道
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204
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00:08:47,251 --> 00:08:51,493
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这种计算器所进行的工作比动物的行为
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205
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00:08:51,931 --> 00:08:54,179
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更接近于人类的思维
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206
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00:08:55,747 --> 00:08:57,611
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也就是说 他实际上
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207
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00:08:57,971 --> 00:09:00,499
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提出了一种非凡的想法
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208
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00:09:01,099 --> 00:09:01,995
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为了实现这样一个目的
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209
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00:09:02,371 --> 00:09:02,707
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是什么
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210
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00:09:03,075 --> 00:09:08,475
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就是利用纯粹的机械的装置
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211
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00:09:09,691 --> 00:09:14,771
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来代替我们人类的思考和记忆
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212
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00:09:15,779 --> 00:09:17,867
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那么这种想法在当时可以说
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213
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00:09:18,210 --> 00:09:21,194
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是一种非凡的创新 非凡的创举
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214
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00:09:22,369 --> 00:09:25,449
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但是非常可惜 他有这样非凡的创举
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215
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00:09:25,894 --> 00:09:30,705
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但是帕斯卡呢 在39岁的时候就去世了
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216
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00:09:31,519 --> 00:09:33,082
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英年早逝了 特别可惜
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217
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00:09:33,673 --> 00:09:34,929
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那么帕斯卡其实自己呢
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218
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00:09:35,361 --> 00:09:36,538
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也对自己有一个评价
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219
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00:09:36,945 --> 00:09:40,722
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他说 人好比是脆弱的芦苇
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220
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00:09:41,218 --> 00:09:44,210
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但是 他又是有思想的芦苇
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221
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00:09:45,227 --> 00:09:46,593
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其实这句话很有意思
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222
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00:09:47,002 --> 00:09:47,793
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我们现在回想
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223
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00:09:48,146 --> 00:09:51,490
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我们现在很多人比一个强壮的芦苇
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224
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00:09:51,969 --> 00:09:53,529
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不知道要强壮多少倍
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225
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00:09:54,073 --> 00:09:58,362
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但是最终也是像芦苇一样悄无声息
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226
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00:09:59,209 --> 00:09:59,833
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为什么呢
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227
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00:10:00,514 --> 00:10:02,905
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大家可以想一想帕斯卡的这句话
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228
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00:10:05,661 --> 00:10:07,242
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好 那么帕斯卡之后
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229
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00:10:07,977 --> 00:10:11,257
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有一位比帕斯卡小二十多岁的年轻人
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230
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00:10:11,906 --> 00:10:15,682
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那么 他被帕斯卡的想法深深的迷住了
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231
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00:10:16,130 --> 00:10:17,490
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他后来设计了一个
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232
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00:10:17,842 --> 00:10:19,826
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大约在帕斯卡计算机之后
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233
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00:10:20,137 --> 00:10:21,937
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我们推算在大约在半个世纪之后
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234
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00:10:22,441 --> 00:10:24,881
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他设计了一个乘法器
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235
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00:10:25,681 --> 00:10:26,905
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大家看这个乘法器
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236
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00:10:27,450 --> 00:10:29,505
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那么这个乘法器看这个样子就比较
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237
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00:10:29,834 --> 00:10:31,697
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高端 大气 上档次
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238
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00:10:32,393 --> 00:10:33,337
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比之前的要好看多了
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239
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00:10:33,889 --> 00:10:35,298
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那么这个乘法器谁设计的呢
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240
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00:10:35,713 --> 00:10:37,225
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我们认识一下这位年轻人
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241
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00:10:38,338 --> 00:10:40,441
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他的名字叫莱布尼茨
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242
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00:10:42,233 --> 00:10:44,058
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那么这个莱布尼茨 他这个乘法器
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243
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00:10:44,681 --> 00:10:47,297
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和之前帕斯卡的加法器的区别在什么地方
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244
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00:10:47,834 --> 00:10:51,505
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它是二进制的 所以这是它最大的特点
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245
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00:10:51,833 --> 00:10:52,593
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二进制 乘法器
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246
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00:10:52,928 --> 00:10:53,673
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机械式的
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247
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00:10:54,073 --> 00:10:55,258
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那么说到这个二进制呢
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248
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00:10:55,505 --> 00:10:59,654
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应该说还是和中国的文化还是相当有些渊源
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249
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00:11:00,050 --> 00:11:02,825
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那么据说莱布尼茨的二进制想法
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250
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00:11:03,356 --> 00:11:05,418
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来自于我们的伏羲八卦图
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251
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00:11:06,114 --> 00:11:07,241
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那么怎么对应呢
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252
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00:11:07,697 --> 00:11:08,329
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就是伏羲八卦图当中的
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253
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00:11:08,737 --> 00:11:11,657
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乾 坤 坎 离 巽 艮 震 兑
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254
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00:11:11,938 --> 00:11:13,778
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这八个卦呢 分别可以用
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255
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00:11:14,057 --> 00:11:18,113
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二进制的000 001等等 这样表示出来
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256
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00:11:18,961 --> 00:11:20,540
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所以呢 有一种说法呢 说
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257
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00:11:20,915 --> 00:11:23,543
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莱布尼茨的二进制思想来源于中国的八卦
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258
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00:11:23,969 --> 00:11:25,393
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当然 莱布尼茨本人是否认的
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259
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00:11:25,905 --> 00:11:27,730
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但是又有中国学者又考证过
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260
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00:11:28,034 --> 00:11:29,090
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说他否认不了这一点
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261
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00:11:29,298 --> 00:11:30,761
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他肯定是之前见过这个八卦的
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262
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00:11:31,465 --> 00:11:33,906
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当然这个事情 我们不去再考证
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263
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00:11:34,385 --> 00:11:38,217
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它到底是起源于什么地方 二进制
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264
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00:11:38,489 --> 00:11:40,818
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我觉得我们现在自强是更重要的
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265
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00:11:42,161 --> 00:11:43,673
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好 那么我们这个小节呢
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266
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00:11:44,105 --> 00:11:47,161
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主要就给大家介绍了最远古的手动计算工具
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267
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00:11:47,521 --> 00:11:48,969
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和机械式的一些计算工具
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268
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00:11:49,489 --> 00:11:51,193
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那么也体现了先辈的智慧
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269
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00:11:52,465 --> 00:11:57,954
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但是真正对未来的 也就是现在的计算机科学
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270
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00:11:58,275 --> 00:11:59,841
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产生重大影响
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271
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00:12:00,241 --> 00:12:01,773
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我们有两位伟大的先驱
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272
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00:12:02,777 --> 00:12:03,657
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那么 他们的故事
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273
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00:12:03,929 --> 00:12:05,988
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我们在下一节将要给大家讲述
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