diff --git a/cms/djangoapps/contentstore/tests/test_export_git.py b/cms/djangoapps/contentstore/tests/test_export_git.py
index 27ae16da16..9b9c58b54b 100644
--- a/cms/djangoapps/contentstore/tests/test_export_git.py
+++ b/cms/djangoapps/contentstore/tests/test_export_git.py
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class TestExportGit(CourseTestCase):
         self.assertIn(
             ('giturl must be defined in your '
              'course settings before you can export to git.'),
-            response.content
+            response.content.decode('utf-8')
         )
 
         response = self.client.get('{}?action=push'.format(self.test_url))
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class TestExportGit(CourseTestCase):
         self.assertIn(
             ('giturl must be defined in your '
              'course settings before you can export to git.'),
-            response.content
+            response.content.decode('utf-8')
         )
 
     def test_course_export_failures(self):
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class TestExportGit(CourseTestCase):
         modulestore().update_item(self.course_module, self.user.id)
 
         response = self.client.get('{}?action=push'.format(self.test_url))
-        self.assertIn('Export Failed:', response.content)
+        self.assertIn('Export Failed:', response.content.decode('utf-8'))
 
     def test_exception_translation(self):
         """
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class TestExportGit(CourseTestCase):
         modulestore().update_item(self.course_module, self.user.id)
 
         response = self.client.get('{}?action=push'.format(self.test_url))
-        self.assertNotIn('django.utils.functional.__proxy__', response.content)
+        self.assertNotIn('django.utils.functional.__proxy__', response.content.decode('utf-8'))
 
     def test_course_export_success(self):
         """
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class TestExportGit(CourseTestCase):
 
         self.make_bare_repo_with_course('test_repo')
         response = self.client.get('{}?action=push'.format(self.test_url))
-        self.assertIn('Export Succeeded', response.content)
+        self.assertIn('Export Succeeded', response.content.decode('utf-8'))
 
     def test_repo_with_dots(self):
         """
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class TestExportGit(CourseTestCase):
         """
         self.make_bare_repo_with_course('test.repo')
         response = self.client.get('{}?action=push'.format(self.test_url))
-        self.assertIn('Export Succeeded', response.content)
+        self.assertIn('Export Succeeded', response.content.decode('utf-8'))
 
     def test_dirty_repo(self):
         """
diff --git a/cms/djangoapps/contentstore/tests/test_transcripts_utils.py b/cms/djangoapps/contentstore/tests/test_transcripts_utils.py
index bba9984e76..dc0bfe373d 100644
--- a/cms/djangoapps/contentstore/tests/test_transcripts_utils.py
+++ b/cms/djangoapps/contentstore/tests/test_transcripts_utils.py
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ class TestGetTranscript(SharedModuleStoreTestCase):
         Verify that `get_transcript` function returns correct data when transcript is in content store.
         """
         base_filename = 'video_101.srt'
-        self.upload_file(self.create_srt_file(self.subs_srt), self.video.location, base_filename)
+        self.upload_file(self.create_srt_file(self.subs_srt.encode('utf-8')), self.video.location, base_filename)
         self.create_transcript(subs_id, language, base_filename, youtube_id_1_0, html5_sources)
         content, file_name, mimetype = transcripts_utils.get_transcript(
             self.video,
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ class TestGetTranscript(SharedModuleStoreTestCase):
         """
         Verify that `get_transcript` function returns correct exception when transcript content is empty.
         """
-        self.upload_file(self.create_srt_file(''), self.video.location, 'ur_video_101.srt')
+        self.upload_file(self.create_srt_file(b''), self.video.location, 'ur_video_101.srt')
         self.create_transcript('', 'ur', 'ur_video_101.srt')
 
         with self.assertRaises(NotFoundError) as no_content_exception:
diff --git a/cms/djangoapps/maintenance/tests.py b/cms/djangoapps/maintenance/tests.py
index 2b529792fc..9887caa733 100644
--- a/cms/djangoapps/maintenance/tests.py
+++ b/cms/djangoapps/maintenance/tests.py
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class TestAnnouncementsViews(MaintenanceViewTestCase):
         """
         url = reverse("maintenance:announcement_index")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertIn('<div class="announcement-container">', response.content)
+        self.assertIn('<div class="announcement-container">', response.content.decode('utf-8'))
 
     def test_create(self):
         """
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ class TestAnnouncementsViews(MaintenanceViewTestCase):
         announcement.save()
         url = reverse("maintenance:announcement_edit", kwargs={"pk": announcement.pk})
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertIn('<div class="wrapper-form announcement-container">', response.content)
+        self.assertIn('<div class="wrapper-form announcement-container">', response.content.decode('utf-8'))
         self.client.post(url, {"content": "Test Edit Announcement", "active": True})
         announcement = Announcement.objects.get(pk=announcement.pk)
         self.assertEquals(announcement.content, "Test Edit Announcement")
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/static_replace/test/test_static_replace.py b/common/djangoapps/static_replace/test/test_static_replace.py
index ace36a09fe..e49cbd81a7 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/static_replace/test/test_static_replace.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/static_replace/test/test_static_replace.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
 
 import re
-from six import StringIO
+from six import BytesIO
 from six.moves.urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlparse, urlunparse
 
 import ddt
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ class CanonicalContentTest(SharedModuleStoreTestCase):
             StaticContent: the StaticContent object for the created image
         """
         new_image = Image.new('RGB', dimensions, color)
-        new_buf = StringIO()
+        new_buf = BytesIO()
         new_image.save(new_buf, format='png')
         new_buf.seek(0)
         new_name = name.format(prefix)
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ class CanonicalContentTest(SharedModuleStoreTestCase):
             StaticContent: the StaticContent object for the created content
 
         """
-        new_buf = StringIO('testingggggggggggg')
+        new_buf = BytesIO(b'testingggggggggggg')
         new_name = name.format(prefix)
         new_key = StaticContent.compute_location(cls.courses[prefix].id, new_name)
         new_content = StaticContent(new_key, new_name, 'application/octet-stream', new_buf.getvalue(), locked=locked)
@@ -588,8 +588,6 @@ class CanonicalContentTest(SharedModuleStoreTestCase):
 
         with check_mongo_calls(mongo_calls):
             asset_path = StaticContent.get_canonicalized_asset_path(self.courses[prefix].id, start, base_url, exts)
-            print(expected)
-            print(asset_path)
             self.assertIsNotNone(re.match(expected, asset_path))
 
     @ddt.data(
@@ -786,6 +784,4 @@ class CanonicalContentTest(SharedModuleStoreTestCase):
 
         with check_mongo_calls(mongo_calls):
             asset_path = StaticContent.get_canonicalized_asset_path(self.courses[prefix].id, start, base_url, exts)
-            print(expected)
-            print(asset_path)
             self.assertIsNotNone(re.match(expected, asset_path))
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/student/helpers.py b/common/djangoapps/student/helpers.py
index fe82520fdb..366d6d33d5 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/student/helpers.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/student/helpers.py
@@ -327,14 +327,14 @@ def _get_redirect_to(request):
         mime_type, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(redirect_to, strict=False)
         if not is_safe_login_or_logout_redirect(request, redirect_to):
             log.warning(
-                u'Unsafe redirect parameter detected after login page: %(redirect_to)r',
+                u"Unsafe redirect parameter detected after login page: '%(redirect_to)s'",
                 {"redirect_to": redirect_to}
             )
             redirect_to = None
         elif 'text/html' not in header_accept:
             log.info(
-                u'Redirect to non html content %(content_type)r detected from %(user_agent)r'
-                u' after login page: %(redirect_to)r',
+                u"Redirect to non html content '%(content_type)s' detected from '%(user_agent)s'"
+                u" after login page: '%(redirect_to)s'",
                 {
                     "redirect_to": redirect_to, "content_type": header_accept,
                     "user_agent": request.META.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT', '')
@@ -343,13 +343,13 @@ def _get_redirect_to(request):
             redirect_to = None
         elif mime_type:
             log.warning(
-                u'Redirect to url path with specified filed type %(mime_type)r not allowed: %(redirect_to)r',
+                u"Redirect to url path with specified filed type '%(mime_type)s' not allowed: '%(redirect_to)s'",
                 {"redirect_to": redirect_to, "mime_type": mime_type}
             )
             redirect_to = None
         elif settings.STATIC_URL in redirect_to:
             log.warning(
-                u'Redirect to static content detected after login page: %(redirect_to)r',
+                u"Redirect to static content detected after login page: '%(redirect_to)s'",
                 {"redirect_to": redirect_to}
             )
             redirect_to = None
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ def _get_redirect_to(request):
             for theme in themes:
                 if theme.theme_dir_name in next_path:
                     log.warning(
-                        u'Redirect to theme content detected after login page: %(redirect_to)r',
+                        u"Redirect to theme content detected after login page: '%(redirect_to)s'",
                         {"redirect_to": redirect_to}
                     )
                     redirect_to = None
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/student/tests/test_helpers.py b/common/djangoapps/student/tests/test_helpers.py
index 5a7f195960..07ca1d319b 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/student/tests/test_helpers.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/student/tests/test_helpers.py
@@ -38,20 +38,20 @@ class TestLoginHelper(TestCase):
 
     @ddt.data(
         (logging.WARNING, "WARNING", "https://www.amazon.com", "text/html", None,
-         "Unsafe redirect parameter detected after login page: u'https://www.amazon.com'"),
+         "Unsafe redirect parameter detected after login page: 'https://www.amazon.com'"),
         (logging.WARNING, "WARNING", "testserver/edx.org/images/logo", "text/html", None,
-         "Redirect to theme content detected after login page: u'testserver/edx.org/images/logo'"),
+         "Redirect to theme content detected after login page: 'testserver/edx.org/images/logo'"),
         (logging.INFO, "INFO", "favicon.ico", "image/*", "test/agent",
-         "Redirect to non html content 'image/*' detected from 'test/agent' after login page: u'favicon.ico'"),
+         "Redirect to non html content 'image/*' detected from 'test/agent' after login page: 'favicon.ico'"),
         (logging.WARNING, "WARNING", "https://www.test.com/test.jpg", "image/*", None,
-         "Unsafe redirect parameter detected after login page: u'https://www.test.com/test.jpg'"),
+         "Unsafe redirect parameter detected after login page: 'https://www.test.com/test.jpg'"),
         (logging.INFO, "INFO", static_url + "dummy.png", "image/*", "test/agent",
-         "Redirect to non html content 'image/*' detected from 'test/agent' after login page: u'" + static_url +
+         "Redirect to non html content 'image/*' detected from 'test/agent' after login page: '" + static_url +
          "dummy.png" + "'"),
         (logging.WARNING, "WARNING", "test.png", "text/html", None,
-         "Redirect to url path with specified filed type 'image/png' not allowed: u'test.png'"),
+         "Redirect to url path with specified filed type 'image/png' not allowed: 'test.png'"),
         (logging.WARNING, "WARNING", static_url + "dummy.png", "text/html", None,
-         "Redirect to url path with specified filed type 'image/png' not allowed: u'" + static_url + "dummy.png" + "'"),
+         "Redirect to url path with specified filed type 'image/png' not allowed: '" + static_url + "dummy.png" + "'"),
     )
     @ddt.unpack
     def test_next_failures(self, log_level, log_name, unsafe_url, http_accept, user_agent, expected_log):
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/terrain/stubs/tests/test_youtube_stub.py b/common/djangoapps/terrain/stubs/tests/test_youtube_stub.py
index 0ad715420e..ce8da2cd69 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/terrain/stubs/tests/test_youtube_stub.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/terrain/stubs/tests/test_youtube_stub.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class StubYouTubeServiceTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_unused_url(self):
         response = requests.get(self.url + 'unused_url')
-        self.assertEqual("Unused url", response.content)
+        self.assertEqual(b"Unused url", response.content)
 
     @unittest.skip('Failing intermittently due to inconsistent responses from YT. See TE-871')
     def test_video_url(self):
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class StubYouTubeServiceTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # YouTube metadata for video `OEoXaMPEzfM` states that duration is 116.
         self.assertEqual(
-            'callback_func({"data": {"duration": 116, "message": "I\'m youtube.", "id": "OEoXaMPEzfM"}})',
+            b'callback_func({"data": {"duration": 116, "message": "I\'m youtube.", "id": "OEoXaMPEzfM"}})',
             response.content
         )
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class StubYouTubeServiceTest(unittest.TestCase):
                 '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>',
                 '<transcript><text start="1.0" dur="1.0">',
                 'Equal transcripts</text></transcript>'
-            ]), response.content
+            ]).encode('utf-8'), response.content
         )
 
     def test_transcript_url_not_equal(self):
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class StubYouTubeServiceTest(unittest.TestCase):
                 '<transcript><text start="1.1" dur="5.5">',
                 'Transcripts sample, different that on server',
                 '</text></transcript>'
-            ]), response.content
+            ]).encode('utf-8'), response.content
         )
 
     def test_transcript_not_found(self):
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/terrain/stubs/youtube.py b/common/djangoapps/terrain/stubs/youtube.py
index 9b3be70de5..73a8b6778a 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/terrain/stubs/youtube.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/terrain/stubs/youtube.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class StubYouTubeHandler(StubHttpRequestHandler):
                     '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>',
                     '<transcript><text start="1.0" dur="1.0">',
                     'Equal transcripts</text></transcript>'
-                ])
+                ]).encode('utf-8')
 
                 self.send_response(
                     200, content=status_message, headers={'Content-type': 'application/xml'}
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class StubYouTubeHandler(StubHttpRequestHandler):
                     '<transcript><text start="1.1" dur="5.5">',
                     'Transcripts sample, different that on server',
                     '</text></transcript>'
-                ])
+                ]).encode('utf-8')
 
                 self.send_response(
                     200, content=status_message, headers={'Content-type': 'application/xml'}
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class StubYouTubeHandler(StubHttpRequestHandler):
             # Delay the response to simulate network latency
             time.sleep(self.server.config.get('time_to_response', self.DEFAULT_DELAY_SEC))
             if self.server.config.get('youtube_api_blocked'):
-                self.send_response(404, content='', headers={'Content-type': 'text/plain'})
+                self.send_response(404, content=b'', headers={'Content-type': 'text/plain'})
             else:
                 # Get the response to send from YouTube.
                 # We need to do this every time because Google sometimes sends different responses
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class StubYouTubeHandler(StubHttpRequestHandler):
 
         else:
             self.send_response(
-                404, content="Unused url", headers={'Content-type': 'text/plain'}
+                404, content=b"Unused url", headers={'Content-type': 'text/plain'}
             )
 
     def _send_video_response(self, youtube_id, message):
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class StubYouTubeHandler(StubHttpRequestHandler):
                 })
             )
         })
-        response = "{cb}({data})".format(cb=callback, data=json.dumps(data))
+        response = "{cb}({data})".format(cb=callback, data=json.dumps(data)).encode('utf-8')
 
         self.send_response(200, content=response, headers={'Content-type': 'text/html'})
         self.log_message("Youtube: sent response {}".format(message))
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class StubYouTubeHandler(StubHttpRequestHandler):
                 "message": message,
             })
         })
-        response = "{cb}({data})".format(cb=callback, data=json.dumps(data))
+        response = "{cb}({data})".format(cb=callback, data=json.dumps(data)).encode('utf-8')
 
         self.send_response(200, content=response, headers={'Content-type': 'text/html'})
         self.log_message("Youtube: sent response {}".format(message))
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/track/middleware.py b/common/djangoapps/track/middleware.py
index 6ccb7617af..77cfda2650 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/track/middleware.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/track/middleware.py
@@ -144,7 +144,10 @@ class TrackMiddleware(object):
             # HTTP headers may contain Latin1 characters. Decoding using Latin1 encoding here
             # avoids encountering UnicodeDecodeError exceptions when these header strings are
             # output to tracking logs.
-            context[context_key] = request.META.get(header_name, '').decode('latin1')
+            context_value = request.META.get(header_name, '')
+            if isinstance(context_value, six.binary_type):
+                context_value = context_value.decode('latin1')
+            context[context_key] = context_value
 
         # Google Analytics uses the clientId to keep track of unique visitors. A GA cookie looks like
         # this: _ga=GA1.2.1033501218.1368477899. The clientId is this part: 1033501218.1368477899.
@@ -183,8 +186,9 @@ class TrackMiddleware(object):
         # Using a known-insecure hash to shorten is silly.
         # Also, why do we need same length?
         key_salt = "common.djangoapps.track" + self.__class__.__name__
-        key = hashlib.md5(key_salt + settings.SECRET_KEY).digest()
-        encrypted_session_key = hmac.new(key, msg=session_key, digestmod=hashlib.md5).hexdigest()
+        key_bytes = (key_salt + settings.SECRET_KEY).encode('utf-8')
+        key = hashlib.md5(key_bytes).digest()
+        encrypted_session_key = hmac.new(key, msg=session_key.encode('utf-8'), digestmod=hashlib.md5).hexdigest()
         return encrypted_session_key
 
     def get_user_primary_key(self, request):
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/track/tests/test_middleware.py b/common/djangoapps/track/tests/test_middleware.py
index 8cf800f290..8fe672324b 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/track/tests/test_middleware.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/track/tests/test_middleware.py
@@ -49,9 +49,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
         request.META[meta_key] = 'test latin1 \xd3 \xe9 \xf1'  # pylint: disable=no-member
 
         context = self.get_context_for_request(request)
-        # The bytes in the string on the right are utf8 encoded in the source file, so we decode them to construct
-        # a valid unicode string.
-        self.assertEqual(context[context_key], 'test latin1 Ó é ñ'.decode('utf8'))
+        self.assertEqual(context[context_key], u'test latin1 Ó é ñ')
 
     def test_default_filters_do_not_render_view(self):
         for url in ['/event', '/event/1', '/login', '/heartbeat']:
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_default_request_context(self):
         context = self.get_context_for_path('/courses/')
-        self.assertEquals(context, {
+        self.assertEqual(context, {
             'accept_language': '',
             'referer': '',
             'user_id': '',
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
         request.META['REMOTE_ADDR'] = remote_addr
         context = self.get_context_for_request(request)
 
-        self.assertEquals(context['ip'], remote_addr)
+        self.assertEqual(context['ip'], remote_addr)
 
     def test_single_forward_for_header_ip_context(self):
         request = self.request_factory.get('/courses/')
@@ -112,7 +110,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
         request.META['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] = forwarded_ip
         context = self.get_context_for_request(request)
 
-        self.assertEquals(context['ip'], forwarded_ip)
+        self.assertEqual(context['ip'], forwarded_ip)
 
     def test_multiple_forward_for_header_ip_context(self):
         request = self.request_factory.get('/courses/')
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
         request.META['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] = forwarded_ip
         context = self.get_context_for_request(request)
 
-        self.assertEquals(context['ip'], '11.22.33.44')
+        self.assertEqual(context['ip'], '11.22.33.44')
 
     def get_context_for_path(self, path):
         """Extract the generated event tracking context for a given request for the given path."""
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
         finally:
             self.track_middleware.process_response(request, None)
 
-        self.assertEquals(
+        self.assertEqual(
             tracker.get_tracker().resolve_context(),
             {}
         )
@@ -156,7 +154,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
     def assert_dict_subset(self, superset, subset):
         """Assert that the superset dict contains all of the key-value pairs found in the subset dict."""
         for key, expected_value in six.iteritems(subset):
-            self.assertEquals(superset[key], expected_value)
+            self.assertEqual(superset[key], expected_value)
 
     def test_request_with_user(self):
         user_id = 1
@@ -177,7 +175,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
         request.session.save()
         session_key = request.session.session_key
         expected_session_key = self.track_middleware.encrypt_session_key(session_key)
-        self.assertEquals(len(session_key), len(expected_session_key))
+        self.assertEqual(len(session_key), len(expected_session_key))
         context = self.get_context_for_request(request)
         self.assert_dict_subset(context, {
             'session': expected_session_key,
@@ -188,7 +186,7 @@ class TrackMiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
         session_key = '665924b49a93e22b46ee9365abf28c2a'
         expected_session_key = '3b81f559d14130180065d635a4f35dd2'
         encrypted_session_key = self.track_middleware.encrypt_session_key(session_key)
-        self.assertEquals(encrypted_session_key, expected_session_key)
+        self.assertEqual(encrypted_session_key, expected_session_key)
 
     def test_request_headers(self):
         ip_address = '10.0.0.0'
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/track/views/tests/test_views.py b/common/djangoapps/track/views/tests/test_views.py
index f5ce7539a8..a715d6cc5b 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/track/views/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/track/views/tests/test_views.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import ddt
+import six
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ class TestTrackViews(EventTrackingTestCase):
         }
 
         task_info = {
-            sentinel.task_key: sentinel.task_value
+            six.text_type(sentinel.task_key): sentinel.task_value
         }
         expected_event_data = dict(task_info)
         expected_event_data.update(self.event)
diff --git a/common/djangoapps/util/tests/test_file.py b/common/djangoapps/util/tests/test_file.py
index bca74aacee..57f89703d2 100644
--- a/common/djangoapps/util/tests/test_file.py
+++ b/common/djangoapps/util/tests/test_file.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class StoreUploadedFileTestCase(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         super(StoreUploadedFileTestCase, self).setUp()
         self.request = Mock(spec=HttpRequest)
-        self.file_content = "test file content"
+        self.file_content = b"test file content"
         self.stored_file_name = None
         self.file_storage = None
         self.default_max_size = 2000000
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class StoreUploadedFileTestCase(TestCase):
         def exception_validator(storage, filename):
             """ Validation test function that throws an exception """
             self.assertEqual("error_file.csv", os.path.basename(filename))
-            with storage.open(filename, 'rU') as f:
+            with storage.open(filename, 'rb') as f:
                 self.assertEqual(self.file_content, f.read())
             store_file_data(storage, filename)
             raise FileValidationException("validation failed")
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class StoreUploadedFileTestCase(TestCase):
         """
         Tests uploading a file with upper case extension. Verifies that the stored file contents are correct.
         """
-        file_content = "uppercase"
+        file_content = b"uppercase"
         self.request.FILES = {"uploaded_file": SimpleUploadedFile("tempfile.CSV", file_content)}
         file_storage, stored_file_name = store_uploaded_file(
             self.request, "uploaded_file", [".gif", ".csv"], "second_stored_file", self.default_max_size
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ class StoreUploadedFileTestCase(TestCase):
         Test that the file storage method will create a unique filename if the file already exists.
         """
         requested_file_name = "nonunique_store"
-        file_content = "copy"
+        file_content = b"copy"
 
         self.request.FILES = {"nonunique_file": SimpleUploadedFile("nonunique.txt", file_content)}
         _, first_stored_file_name = store_uploaded_file(
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class StoreUploadedFileTestCase(TestCase):
     def _verify_successful_upload(self, storage, file_name, expected_content):
         """ Helper method that checks that the stored version of the uploaded file has the correct content """
         self.assertTrue(storage.exists(file_name))
-        with storage.open(file_name, 'r') as f:
+        with storage.open(file_name, 'rb') as f:
             self.assertEqual(expected_content, f.read())
 
 
diff --git a/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/contentstore/content.py b/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/contentstore/content.py
index bbfb8fe80e..0842219b90 100644
--- a/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/contentstore/content.py
+++ b/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/contentstore/content.py
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class StaticContent(object):
             if query_val.startswith("/static/"):
                 new_val = StaticContent.get_canonicalized_asset_path(
                     course_key, query_val, base_url, excluded_exts, encode=False)
-                updated_query_params.append((query_name, new_val))
+                updated_query_params.append((query_name, new_val.encode('utf-8')))
             else:
                 # Make sure we're encoding Unicode strings down to their byte string
                 # representation so that `urlencode` can handle it.
@@ -286,11 +286,11 @@ class StaticContent(object):
 
         # Only encode this if told to.  Important so that we don't double encode
         # when working with paths that are in query parameters.
-        asset_path = asset_path.encode('utf-8')
         if encode:
+            asset_path = asset_path.encode('utf-8')
             asset_path = quote_plus(asset_path, '/:+@')
 
-        return urlunparse(('', base_url.encode('utf-8'), asset_path, params, urlencode(updated_query_params), ''))
+        return urlunparse(('', base_url, asset_path, params, urlencode(updated_query_params), ''))
 
     def stream_data(self):
         yield self._data
diff --git a/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/contentstore/mongo.py b/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/contentstore/mongo.py
index f3faa47146..649e07bc7a 100644
--- a/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/contentstore/mongo.py
+++ b/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/contentstore/mongo.py
@@ -99,7 +99,10 @@ class MongoContentStore(ContentStore):
                               import_path=content.import_path,
                               # getattr b/c caching may mean some pickled instances don't have attr
                               locked=getattr(content, 'locked', False)) as fp:
-            if hasattr(content.data, '__iter__'):
+
+            # It seems that this code thought that only some specific object would have the `__iter__` attribute
+            # but the bytes object in python 3 has one and should not use the chunking logic.
+            if hasattr(content.data, '__iter__') and not isinstance(content.data, six.binary_type):
                 for chunk in content.data:
                     fp.write(chunk)
             else:
diff --git a/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/modulestore/__init__.py b/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/modulestore/__init__.py
index 7993996fe7..1d72ef9169 100644
--- a/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/modulestore/__init__.py
+++ b/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/modulestore/__init__.py
@@ -1298,7 +1298,8 @@ class ModuleStoreWriteBase(ModuleStoreReadBase, ModuleStoreWrite):
         result = defaultdict(dict)
         if fields is None:
             return result
-        cls = self.mixologist.mix(XBlock.load_class(category, select=prefer_xmodules))
+        classes = XBlock.load_class(category, select=prefer_xmodules)
+        cls = self.mixologist.mix(classes)
         for field_name, value in six.iteritems(fields):
             field = getattr(cls, field_name)
             result[field.scope][field_name] = value
diff --git a/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/video_module/transcripts_utils.py b/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/video_module/transcripts_utils.py
index 5a513bca58..5556a7448b 100644
--- a/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/video_module/transcripts_utils.py
+++ b/common/lib/xmodule/xmodule/video_module/transcripts_utils.py
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def save_subs_to_store(subs, subs_id, item, language='en'):
 
     Returns: location of saved subtitles.
     """
-    filedata = json.dumps(subs, indent=2)
+    filedata = json.dumps(subs, indent=2).encode('utf-8')
     filename = subs_filename(subs_id, language)
     return save_to_store(filedata, filename, 'application/json', item.location)
 
diff --git a/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_submitting_problems.py b/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_submitting_problems.py
index 38d502766f..6b690fa8da 100644
--- a/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_submitting_problems.py
+++ b/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_submitting_problems.py
@@ -1187,10 +1187,11 @@ class TestConditionalContent(TestSubmittingProblems):
         self.assertEqual(self.score_for_hw('homework2'), [1.0, 2.0])
         self.assertEqual(self.earned_hw_scores(), [1.0, 3.0])
 
-        # Grade percent is .63. Here is the calculation
-        homework_1_score = 1.0 / 2
-        homework_2_score = (1.0 + 2.0) / 4
-        self.check_grade_percent(round((homework_1_score + homework_2_score) / 2, 2))
+        # Grade percent is .63. Here is the calculation:
+        #   homework_1_score = 1.0 / 2
+        #   homework_2_score = (1.0 + 2.0) / 4
+        #   round((homework_1_score + homework_2_score) / 2) == .63
+        self.check_grade_percent(.63)
 
     def test_split_different_problems_group_1(self):
         """
@@ -1205,10 +1206,11 @@ class TestConditionalContent(TestSubmittingProblems):
         self.assertEqual(self.score_for_hw('homework2'), [1.0])
         self.assertEqual(self.earned_hw_scores(), [1.0, 1.0])
 
-        # Grade percent is .75. Here is the calculation
-        homework_1_score = 1.0 / 2
-        homework_2_score = 1.0 / 1
-        self.check_grade_percent(round((homework_1_score + homework_2_score) / 2, 2))
+        # Grade percent is .75. Here is the calculation:
+        #   homework_1_score = 1.0 / 2
+        #   homework_2_score = 1.0 / 1
+        #   round((homework_1_score + homework_2_score) / 2) == .75
+        self.check_grade_percent(.75)
 
     def split_one_group_no_problems_setup(self, user_partition_group):
         """
@@ -1238,10 +1240,11 @@ class TestConditionalContent(TestSubmittingProblems):
         self.assertEqual(self.score_for_hw('homework2'), [])
         self.assertEqual(self.earned_hw_scores(), [1.0])
 
-        # Grade percent is .25. Here is the calculation.
-        homework_1_score = 1.0 / 2
-        homework_2_score = 0.0
-        self.check_grade_percent(round((homework_1_score + homework_2_score) / 2, 2))
+        # Grade percent is .25. Here is the calculation:
+        #   homework_1_score = 1.0 / 2
+        #   homework_2_score = 0.0
+        #   round((homework_1_score + homework_2_score) / 2) == .25
+        self.check_grade_percent(.25)
 
     def test_split_one_group_no_problems_group_1(self):
         """
@@ -1256,6 +1259,7 @@ class TestConditionalContent(TestSubmittingProblems):
         self.assertEqual(self.earned_hw_scores(), [1.0, 1.0])
 
         # Grade percent is .75. Here is the calculation.
-        homework_1_score = 1.0 / 2
-        homework_2_score = 1.0 / 1
-        self.check_grade_percent(round((homework_1_score + homework_2_score) / 2, 2))
+        #   homework_1_score = 1.0 / 2
+        #   homework_2_score = 1.0 / 1
+        #   round((homework_1_score + homework_2_score) / 2) == .75
+        self.check_grade_percent(.75)
diff --git a/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_video_handlers.py b/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_video_handlers.py
index 6853d078b8..249ecfb54c 100644
--- a/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_video_handlers.py
+++ b/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_video_handlers.py
@@ -973,7 +973,7 @@ class TestStudioTranscriptTranslationPostDispatch(TestVideo):
         request = Request.blank('/translation', POST=post_data)
         response = self.item_descriptor.studio_transcript(request=request, dispatch='translation')
         self.assertEqual(response.status, '201 Created')
-        response = json.loads(response.body)
+        response = json.loads(response.text)
         self.assertTrue(response["language_code"], "uk")
         self.assertDictEqual(self.item_descriptor.transcripts, {})
         self.assertTrue(edxval_api.get_video_transcript_data(video_id=response["edx_video_id"], language_code="uk"))
diff --git a/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_word_cloud.py b/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_word_cloud.py
index 5e91234cdf..709895568a 100644
--- a/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_word_cloud.py
+++ b/lms/djangoapps/courseware/tests/test_word_cloud.py
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class TestWordCloud(BaseTestXmodule):
 
         for user in self.users:
             self.assertDictEqual(
-                json.loads(responses[user.username].content),
+                json.loads(responses[user.username].content.decode('utf-8')),
                 {
                     'status': 'fail',
                     'error': 'Unknown Command!'
diff --git a/lms/djangoapps/discussion/django_comment_client/tests/test_middleware.py b/lms/djangoapps/discussion/django_comment_client/tests/test_middleware.py
index 49f2d950fc..6e23ef2881 100644
--- a/lms/djangoapps/discussion/django_comment_client/tests/test_middleware.py
+++ b/lms/djangoapps/discussion/django_comment_client/tests/test_middleware.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AjaxExceptionTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(self.exception1.status_code, response1.status_code)
         self.assertEqual(
             {"errors": json.loads(text_type(self.exception1))},
-            json.loads(response1.content)
+            json.loads(response1.content.decode('utf-8'))
         )
 
         response2 = self.a.process_exception(self.request1, self.exception2)
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class AjaxExceptionTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(self.exception2.status_code, response2.status_code)
         self.assertEqual(
             {"errors": [text_type(self.exception2)]},
-            json.loads(response2.content)
+            json.loads(response2.content.decode('utf-8'))
         )
 
         self.assertIsNone(self.a.process_exception(self.request1, self.exception0))
diff --git a/lms/djangoapps/instructor/tests/test_tools.py b/lms/djangoapps/instructor/tests/test_tools.py
index 9ab7ac689d..1072f2acea 100644
--- a/lms/djangoapps/instructor/tests/test_tools.py
+++ b/lms/djangoapps/instructor/tests/test_tools.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class TestDashboardError(unittest.TestCase):
     """
     def test_response(self):
         error = tools.DashboardError(u'Oh noes!')
-        response = json.loads(error.response().content)
+        response = json.loads(error.response().content.decode('utf-8'))
         self.assertEqual(response, {'error': 'Oh noes!'})
 
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class TestHandleDashboardError(unittest.TestCase):
             """
             raise tools.DashboardError("Oh noes!")
 
-        response = json.loads(view(None, None).content)
+        response = json.loads(view(None, None).content.decode('utf-8'))
         self.assertEqual(response, {'error': 'Oh noes!'})
 
     def test_no_error(self):
diff --git a/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/ssencrypt.py b/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/ssencrypt.py
index f6fce78bc2..0db7a231cd 100644
--- a/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/ssencrypt.py
+++ b/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/ssencrypt.py
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ def generate_signed_message(method, headers_dict, body_dict, access_key, secret_
     message = signing_format_message(method, headers_dict, body_dict)
 
     # hmac needs a byte string for it's starting key, can't be unicode.
-    hashed = hmac.new(secret_key.encode('utf-8'), message, sha256)
-    signature = binascii.b2a_base64(hashed.digest()).rstrip('\n')
+    hashed = hmac.new(secret_key.encode('utf-8'), message.encode('utf-8'), sha256)
+    signature = binascii.b2a_base64(hashed.digest()).rstrip(b'\n')
     authorization_header = u"SSI {}:{}".format(access_key, signature)
 
     message += '\n'
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@ def body_string(body_dict, prefix=""):
                 if isinstance(arr, dict):
                     body_list.append(body_string(arr, u"{}.{}.".format(key, i)))
                 else:
-                    body_list.append(u"{}.{}:{}\n".format(key, i, arr).encode('utf-8'))
+                    body_list.append(u"{}.{}:{}\n".format(key, i, arr))
         elif isinstance(value, dict):
             body_list.append(body_string(value, key + ":"))
         else:
             if value is None:
                 value = "null"
-            body_list.append(u"{}{}:{}\n".format(prefix, key, value).encode('utf-8'))
+            body_list.append(u"{}{}:{}\n".format(prefix, key, value))
 
     return "".join(body_list)  # Note that trailing \n's are important
diff --git a/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/tests/test_views.py b/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/tests/test_views.py
index ca70b38786..4e51ad86af 100644
--- a/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/tests/test_views.py
@@ -1298,7 +1298,7 @@ class TestCheckoutWithEcommerceService(ModuleStoreTestCase):
             self.assertTrue(mock_audit_log.called)
 
         # Check the api call
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(httpretty.last_request().body), {
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(httpretty.last_request().body.decode('utf-8')), {
             'products': [{'sku': 'test-sku'}],
             'checkout': True,
             'payment_processor_name': 'test-processor',
@@ -1845,7 +1845,7 @@ class TestPhotoVerificationResultsCallback(ModuleStoreTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(attempt.status, u'denied')
         self.assertEqual(attempt.error_code, u'Your photo doesn\'t meet standards.')
         self.assertEqual(attempt.error_msg, u'[{"photoIdReasons": ["Not provided"]}]')
-        self.assertEquals(response.content, 'OK!')
+        self.assertEquals(response.content.decode('utf-8'), 'OK!')
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
 
     @patch(
diff --git a/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/views.py b/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/views.py
index 9dec48b2f8..28cdf2e8ab 100644
--- a/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/views.py
+++ b/lms/djangoapps/verify_student/views.py
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ def results_callback(request):
     body = request.body
 
     try:
-        body_dict = json.loads(body)
+        body_dict = json.loads(body.decode('utf-8'))
     except ValueError:
         log.exception(u"Invalid JSON received from Software Secure:\n\n{}\n".format(body))
         return HttpResponseBadRequest(u"Invalid JSON. Received:\n\n{}".format(body))
diff --git a/lms/lib/courseware_search/test/test_lms_filter_generator.py b/lms/lib/courseware_search/test/test_lms_filter_generator.py
index a57e9e195c..84fd7da6a6 100644
--- a/lms/lib/courseware_search/test/test_lms_filter_generator.py
+++ b/lms/lib/courseware_search/test/test_lms_filter_generator.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class LmsSearchFilterGeneratorTestCase(ModuleStoreTestCase):
         self.assertEqual('LogistrationX', exclude_orgs[0])
         self.assertEqual('TestSiteX', exclude_orgs[1])
 
-    @patch('openedx.core.djangoapps.site_configuration.helpers.get_all_orgs', Mock(return_value=[]))
+    @patch('openedx.core.djangoapps.site_configuration.helpers.get_all_orgs', Mock(return_value=set()))
     def test_no_excludes_with_no_orgs(self):
         """ Test when no org is present - nothing to exclude """
         _, _, exclude_dictionary = LmsSearchFilterGenerator.generate_field_filters(user=self.user)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class LmsSearchFilterGeneratorTestCase(ModuleStoreTestCase):
 
     @patch(
         'openedx.core.djangoapps.site_configuration.helpers.get_all_orgs',
-        Mock(return_value=["TestSite1", "TestSite2", "TestSite3", "TestSite4"])
+        Mock(return_value={"TestSite1", "TestSite2", "TestSite3", "TestSite4"})
     )
     def test_excludes_multi_orgs(self):
         _, _, exclude_dictionary = LmsSearchFilterGenerator.generate_field_filters(user=self.user)
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class LmsSearchFilterGeneratorTestCase(ModuleStoreTestCase):
 
     @patch(
         'openedx.core.djangoapps.site_configuration.helpers.get_all_orgs',
-        Mock(return_value=["TestSite1", "TestSite2", "TestSite3", "TestSite4"])
+        Mock(return_value={"TestSite1", "TestSite2", "TestSite3", "TestSite4"})
     )
     @patch('openedx.core.djangoapps.site_configuration.helpers.get_value', Mock(return_value='TestSite3'))
     def test_excludes_multi_orgs_within(self):
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/auth_exchange/tests/test_forms.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/auth_exchange/tests/test_forms.py
index 3aafbe989e..775d8ac989 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/auth_exchange/tests/test_forms.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/auth_exchange/tests/test_forms.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class AccessTokenExchangeFormTest(AccessTokenExchangeTestMixin):
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["user"], self.user)
         self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["client"], self.oauth_client)
-        self.assertEqual(scope.to_names(form.cleaned_data["scope"]), expected_scopes)
+        self.assertEqual(set(scope.to_names(form.cleaned_data["scope"])), set(expected_scopes))
 
 
 # This is necessary because cms does not implement third party auth
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/auth_exchange/tests/test_views.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/auth_exchange/tests/test_views.py
index 15692391a7..2ad2829111 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/auth_exchange/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/auth_exchange/tests/test_views.py
@@ -63,11 +63,16 @@ class AccessTokenExchangeViewTest(AccessTokenExchangeTestMixin):
             timedelta(seconds=int(content["expires_in"])),
             provider.constants.EXPIRE_DELTA_PUBLIC
         )
-        self.assertEqual(content["scope"], ' '.join(expected_scopes))
+        actual_scopes = content["scope"]
+        if actual_scopes:
+            actual_scopes = actual_scopes.split(' ')
+        else:
+            actual_scopes = []
+        self.assertEqual(set(actual_scopes), set(expected_scopes))
         token = self.oauth2_adapter.get_access_token(token_string=content["access_token"])
         self.assertEqual(token.user, self.user)
         self.assertEqual(self.oauth2_adapter.get_client_for_token(token), self.oauth_client)
-        self.assertEqual(self.oauth2_adapter.get_token_scope_names(token), expected_scopes)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self.oauth2_adapter.get_token_scope_names(token)), set(expected_scopes))
 
     def test_single_access_token(self):
         def extract_token(response):
@@ -184,7 +189,7 @@ class TestLoginWithAccessTokenView(TestCase):
         Calls the login_with_access_token endpoint and verifies the response given the expected values.
         """
         url = reverse("login_with_access_token")
-        response = self.client.post(url, HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=b"Bearer {0}".format(access_token))
+        response = self.client.post(url, HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=u"Bearer {0}".format(access_token).encode('utf-8'))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, expected_status_code)
         if expected_cookie_name:
             self.assertIn(expected_cookie_name, response.cookies)
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/coursegraph/management/commands/tests/test_dump_to_neo4j.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/coursegraph/management/commands/tests/test_dump_to_neo4j.py
index 40095b17ec..2279ffefa6 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/coursegraph/management/commands/tests/test_dump_to_neo4j.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/coursegraph/management/commands/tests/test_dump_to_neo4j.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import ddt
 import mock
 import six
 from django.core.management import call_command
-from django.utils import six
 from xmodule.modulestore.tests.django_utils import SharedModuleStoreTestCase
 from xmodule.modulestore.tests.factories import CourseFactory, ItemFactory
 
@@ -230,6 +229,12 @@ class TestDumpToNeo4jCommand(TestDumpToNeo4jCommandBase):
         )
 
 
+class SomeThing(object):
+    """Just to test the stringification of an object."""
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "<SomeThing>"
+
+
 @skip_unless_lms
 @ddt.ddt
 class TestModuleStoreSerializer(TestDumpToNeo4jCommandBase):
@@ -379,7 +384,7 @@ class TestModuleStoreSerializer(TestDumpToNeo4jCommandBase):
 
     @ddt.data(
         (1, 1),
-        (object, "<type 'object'>"),
+        (SomeThing(), "<SomeThing>"),
         (1.5, 1.5),
         ("úñîçø∂é", "úñîçø∂é"),
         (b"plain string", b"plain string"),
@@ -388,7 +393,8 @@ class TestModuleStoreSerializer(TestDumpToNeo4jCommandBase):
         ((1,), "(1,)"),
         # list of elements should be coerced into a list of the
         # string representations of those elements
-        ([object, object], ["<type 'object'>", "<type 'object'>"])
+        ([SomeThing(), SomeThing()], ["<SomeThing>", "<SomeThing>"]),
+        ([1, 2], ["1", "2"]),
     )
     @ddt.unpack
     def test_coerce_types(self, original_value, coerced_expected):
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/credit/signature.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/credit/signature.py
index 47aebfc468..928968fff2 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/credit/signature.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/credit/signature.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def get_shared_secret_key(provider_id):
 
     if isinstance(secret, six.text_type):
         try:
-            secret = str(secret)
+            secret.encode('ascii')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             secret = None
             log.error(u'Shared secret key for credit provider "%s" contains non-ASCII unicode.', provider_id)
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/oauth_dispatch/models.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/oauth_dispatch/models.py
index 42a58e2918..fb383ee4cf 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/oauth_dispatch/models.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/oauth_dispatch/models.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 import six
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 from django_mysql.models import ListCharField
 from oauth2_provider.settings import oauth2_settings
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ from openedx.core.djangolib.markup import HTML
 from openedx.core.lib.request_utils import get_request_or_stub
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class RestrictedApplication(models.Model):
     """
     This model lists which django-oauth-toolkit Applications are considered 'restricted'
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ class RestrictedApplication(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         app_label = 'oauth_dispatch'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         """
         Return a unicode representation of this object
         """
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ class RestrictedApplication(models.Model):
         return access_token.expires == datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ApplicationAccess(models.Model):
     """
     Specifies access control information for the associated Application.
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ class ApplicationAccess(models.Model):
     def get_scopes(cls, application):
         return cls.objects.get(application=application).scopes
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         """
         Return a unicode representation of this object.
         """
@@ -91,6 +94,7 @@ class ApplicationAccess(models.Model):
         )
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ApplicationOrganization(models.Model):
     """
     Associates a DOT Application to an Organization.
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ class ApplicationOrganization(models.Model):
             queryset = queryset.filter(relation_type=relation_type)
         return [r.organization.name for r in queryset]
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         """
         Return a unicode representation of this object.
         """
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/oauth_dispatch/tests/test_views.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/oauth_dispatch/tests/test_views.py
index 7722872aad..25e4585e28 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/oauth_dispatch/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/oauth_dispatch/tests/test_views.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class AccessTokenLoginMixin(object):
 
         return self.client.post(
             self.login_with_access_token_url,
-            HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=b"Bearer {0}".format(access_token if access_token else self.access_token)
+            HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=u"Bearer {0}".format(access_token if access_token else self.access_token).encode('utf-8')
         )
 
     def _assert_access_token_is_valid(self, access_token=None):
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/helpers.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/helpers.py
index eb4c0d737c..4af9bcd0f9 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/helpers.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/helpers.py
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ def get_all_orgs():
     This can be used, for example, to do filtering.
 
     Returns:
-        A list of all organizations present in the site configuration.
+        A set of all organizations present in the site configuration.
     """
     # Import is placed here to avoid model import at project startup.
     from openedx.core.djangoapps.site_configuration.models import SiteConfiguration
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/models.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/models.py
index b20631fe93..6af78a171e 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/models.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/models.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class SiteConfiguration(models.Model):
         for example, to do filtering.
 
         Returns:
-            A list of all organizations present in site configuration.
+            A set of all organizations present in site configuration.
         """
         org_filter_set = set()
 
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/tests/test_models.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/tests/test_models.py
index afd262d889..a753e6cbb7 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/tests/test_models.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/site_configuration/tests/test_models.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Tests for site configuration's django models.
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 from mock import patch
+import six
 
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.db import IntegrityError, transaction
@@ -321,10 +322,7 @@ class SiteConfigurationTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         # Test that the default value is returned if the value for the given key is not found in the configuration
-        self.assertListEqual(
-            list(SiteConfiguration.get_all_orgs()),
-            expected_orgs,
-        )
+        six.assertCountEqual(self, SiteConfiguration.get_all_orgs(), expected_orgs)
 
     def test_get_all_orgs_returns_only_enabled(self):
         """
@@ -343,7 +341,4 @@ class SiteConfigurationTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         # Test that the default value is returned if the value for the given key is not found in the configuration
-        self.assertListEqual(
-            list(SiteConfiguration.get_all_orgs()),
-            expected_orgs,
-        )
+        six.assertCountEqual(self, SiteConfiguration.get_all_orgs(), expected_orgs)
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_api/tests/test_helpers.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_api/tests/test_helpers.py
index e62e5eb032..bb0378dab1 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_api/tests/test_helpers.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_api/tests/test_helpers.py
@@ -225,13 +225,13 @@ class StudentViewShimTest(TestCase):
         )
         response = view(HttpRequest())
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, "third-party-auth")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"third-party-auth")
 
     def test_non_json_response(self):
         view = self._shimmed_view(HttpResponse(content="Not a JSON dict"))
         response = view(HttpRequest())
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, "Not a JSON dict")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Not a JSON dict")
 
     @ddt.data("redirect", "redirect_url")
     def test_ignore_redirect_from_json(self, redirect_key):
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class StudentViewShimTest(TestCase):
         )
         response = view(HttpRequest())
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, "Error!")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Error!")
 
     def test_preserve_headers(self):
         view_response = HttpResponse()
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_authn/views/login.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_authn/views/login.py
index d730926602..a623f73792 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_authn/views/login.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_authn/views/login.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import logging
 
+import six
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
 from django.contrib.auth import login as django_login
@@ -110,11 +111,11 @@ def _enforce_password_policy_compliance(request, user):
         password_policy_compliance.enforce_compliance_on_login(user, request.POST.get('password'))
     except password_policy_compliance.NonCompliantPasswordWarning as e:
         # Allow login, but warn the user that they will be required to reset their password soon.
-        PageLevelMessages.register_warning_message(request, e.message)
+        PageLevelMessages.register_warning_message(request, six.text_type(e))
     except password_policy_compliance.NonCompliantPasswordException as e:
         send_password_reset_email_for_user(user, request)
         # Prevent the login attempt.
-        raise AuthFailedError(e.message)
+        raise AuthFailedError(six.text_type(e))
 
 
 def _generate_not_activated_message(user):
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_authn/views/tests/test_views.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_authn/views/tests/test_views.py
index f50ce173e6..3391bf0835 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_authn/views/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/user_authn/views/tests/test_views.py
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ class LoginAndRegistrationTest(ThirdPartyAuthTestMixin, UrlResetMixin, ModuleSto
             visible=True,
             enabled=True,
             icon_class='',
-            icon_image=SimpleUploadedFile('icon.svg', '<svg><rect width="50" height="100"/></svg>'),
+            icon_image=SimpleUploadedFile('icon.svg', b'<svg><rect width="50" height="100"/></svg>'),
         )
         self.hidden_enabled_provider = self.configure_linkedin_provider(
             visible=False,
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ class LoginAndRegistrationTest(ThirdPartyAuthTestMixin, UrlResetMixin, ModuleSto
         tpa_hint = self.hidden_disabled_provider.provider_id
         params = [("next", "/courses/something/?tpa_hint={0}".format(tpa_hint))]
         response = self.client.get(reverse('signin_user'), params, HTTP_ACCEPT="text/html")
-        self.assertNotIn(response.content, tpa_hint)
+        self.assertNotIn(response.content.decode('utf-8'), tpa_hint)
 
     @ddt.data(
         ('signin_user', 'login'),
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ class LoginAndRegistrationTest(ThirdPartyAuthTestMixin, UrlResetMixin, ModuleSto
         tpa_hint = self.hidden_disabled_provider.provider_id
         params = [("next", "/courses/something/?tpa_hint={0}".format(tpa_hint))]
         response = self.client.get(reverse(url_name), params, HTTP_ACCEPT="text/html")
-        self.assertNotIn(response.content, tpa_hint)
+        self.assertNotIn(response.content.decode('utf-8'), tpa_hint)
 
     @override_settings(FEATURES=dict(settings.FEATURES, THIRD_PARTY_AUTH_HINT='oa2-google-oauth2'))
     @ddt.data(
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/verified_track_content/models.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/verified_track_content/models.py
index 9b17dd9f60..3a80b70485 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/verified_track_content/models.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/verified_track_content/models.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from config_models.models import ConfigurationModel
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models.signals import post_save, pre_save
 from django.dispatch import receiver
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy
 from edx_django_utils.cache import RequestCache
 from opaque_keys.edx.django.models import CourseKeyField
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ def pre_save_callback(sender, instance, **kwargs):  # pylint: disable=unused-arg
         instance._old_mode = None  # pylint: disable=protected-access
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class VerifiedTrackCohortedCourse(models.Model):
     """
     Tracks which courses have verified track auto-cohorting enabled.
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ class VerifiedTrackCohortedCourse(models.Model):
 
     CACHE_NAMESPACE = u"verified_track_content.VerifiedTrackCohortedCourse.cache."
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return u"Course: {}, enabled: {}".format(six.text_type(self.course_key), self.enabled)
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/zendesk_proxy/tests/test_v0_views.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/zendesk_proxy/tests/test_v0_views.py
index 9da1919020..69a648e084 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/zendesk_proxy/tests/test_v0_views.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/zendesk_proxy/tests/test_v0_views.py
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 """Tests for zendesk_proxy views."""
 from __future__ import absolute_import
-import json
+
 from copy import deepcopy
+import json
 
 import ddt
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 from mock import MagicMock, patch
+import six
+from six.moves import range
 
 from openedx.core.djangoapps.zendesk_proxy.v0.views import ZENDESK_REQUESTS_PER_HOUR
 from openedx.core.lib.api.test_utils import ApiTestCase
-from six.moves import range
 
 
 @ddt.ddt
@@ -45,14 +47,30 @@ class ZendeskProxyTestCase(ApiTestCase):
             self.assertHttpCreated(response)
             (mock_args, mock_kwargs) = mock_post.call_args
             self.assertEqual(mock_args, ('https://www.superrealurlsthataredefinitelynotfake.com/api/v2/tickets.json',))
+            six.assertCountEqual(self, mock_kwargs.keys(), ['headers', 'data'])
             self.assertEqual(
-                mock_kwargs,
+                mock_kwargs['headers'],
                 {
-                    'headers': {
-                        'content-type': 'application/json',
-                        'Authorization': 'Bearer abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890'
+                    'content-type': 'application/json',
+                    'Authorization': 'Bearer abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890'
+                }
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                json.loads(mock_kwargs['data']),
+                {
+                    'ticket': {
+                        'comment': {
+                            'body': "Help! I'm trapped in a unit test factory and I can't get out!",
+                            'uploads': None,
+                        },
+                        'custom_fields': None,
+                        'requester': {
+                            'email': 'JohnQStudent@example.com',
+                            'name': 'John Q. Student',
+                        },
+                        'subject': 'Python Unit Test Help Request',
+                        'tags': ['python_unit_test'],
                     },
-                    'data': '{"ticket": {"comment": {"body": "Help! I\'m trapped in a unit test factory and I can\'t get out!", "uploads": null}, "tags": ["python_unit_test"], "subject": "Python Unit Test Help Request", "custom_fields": null, "requester": {"name": "John Q. Student", "email": "JohnQStudent@example.com"}}}'  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
                 }
             )
 
diff --git a/openedx/core/djangoapps/zendesk_proxy/tests/test_v1_views.py b/openedx/core/djangoapps/zendesk_proxy/tests/test_v1_views.py
index d66db7acd3..d7f5525a45 100644
--- a/openedx/core/djangoapps/zendesk_proxy/tests/test_v1_views.py
+++ b/openedx/core/djangoapps/zendesk_proxy/tests/test_v1_views.py
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 """Tests for zendesk_proxy views."""
+
 from __future__ import absolute_import
-import json
+
 from copy import deepcopy
+import json
 
 import ddt
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 from mock import MagicMock, patch
+import six
+from six.moves import range
 
 from openedx.core.djangoapps.zendesk_proxy.v1.views import ZendeskProxyThrottle
 from openedx.core.lib.api.test_utils import ApiTestCase
-from six.moves import range
 
 
 @ddt.ddt
@@ -53,14 +56,30 @@ class ZendeskProxyTestCase(ApiTestCase):
             self.assertHttpCreated(response)
             (mock_args, mock_kwargs) = mock_post.call_args
             self.assertEqual(mock_args, ('https://www.superrealurlsthataredefinitelynotfake.com/api/v2/tickets.json',))
+            six.assertCountEqual(self, mock_kwargs.keys(), ['headers', 'data'])
             self.assertEqual(
-                mock_kwargs,
+                mock_kwargs['headers'],
                 {
-                    'headers': {
-                        'content-type': 'application/json',
-                        'Authorization': 'Bearer abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890'
+                    'content-type': 'application/json',
+                    'Authorization': 'Bearer abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890'
+                }
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                json.loads(mock_kwargs['data']),
+                {
+                    'ticket': {
+                        'comment': {
+                            'body': "Help! I'm trapped in a unit test factory and I can't get out!",
+                            'uploads': None,
+                        },
+                        'custom_fields': [{'id': '001', 'value': 'demo-course'}],
+                        'requester': {
+                            'email': 'JohnQStudent@example.com',
+                            'name': 'John Q. Student',
+                        },
+                        'subject': 'Python Unit Test Help Request',
+                        'tags': ['python_unit_test'],
                     },
-                    'data': '{"ticket": {"comment": {"body": "Help! I\'m trapped in a unit test factory and I can\'t get out!", "uploads": null}, "tags": ["python_unit_test"], "subject": "Python Unit Test Help Request", "custom_fields": [{"id": "001", "value": "demo-course"}], "requester": {"name": "John Q. Student", "email": "JohnQStudent@example.com"}}}'  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
                 }
             )